tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33434454420307224532024-03-13T04:14:40.737-07:00CRIMINOLOGYCriminology is treated this site with a biblical and psychological pressure on the relationship of man and the instinct to break rules, causing them to violate norms established by God and / or the society.(By Policeman Valdemir Mota de Menezes)SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-54663544742798036882016-05-12T18:39:00.002-07:002016-05-12T18:39:25.363-07:00MENTES CRIMINOSAS<h1 class="entry-title" style="background: rgb(234, 234, 234); border-color: initial; border-style: dotted none; border-width: 2px 0px; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 3px 0px 1px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
O que a medicina diz sobre as mentes criminosas?</h1>
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<span class="entry-date" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #cc0000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">25 de fevereiro de 2014</span></div>
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text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 56px !important;" target="_blank" title="Mais...">20</a><div class="atclear" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Gene HTR2B pode predispor seus portadores a reagir sob o impulso do momento e de maneira irrefletida. Apesar de a presença desta herança genética ter se mostrado mais frequente nos criminosos, os cientistas ressaltam que sua presença não é suficiente para provocar ou prever o comportamento impulsivo.</div>
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Pesquisas mostram que o comportamento violento tem origens biológicas, psicológicas e socioambientais</div>
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Crimes violentos e inexplicáveis costumam intrigar as pessoas. Afinal, o que faz uma pessoa agir de forma descontrolada e cruel? Pesquisadores de todo mundo vêm se dedicando a estudar a mente e o comportamento de criminosos em várias partes do mundo.</div>
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O psiquiatra forense e pesquisador da Unicamp, Eduardo H. Teixeira, explica que vários estudos já demonstraram que o comportamento violento é decorrente da associação de fatores socioambientais, psicológicos e biológicos.<i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Neste sentido, um indivíduo que carrega em seus genes herdados aspectos relacionados à maior propensão de ser violento, terá maior chance de expressar esse comportamento caso esteja em um ambiente social desfavorável”</i>, explica.</div>
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<div class="legenda" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img src="http://inacreditavel.com.br/imagens/unicamp_eduardo_teixeira.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />O pesquisador da Unicamp e psiquiatra forense Eduardo Teixeira</div>
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O estudo mais recente, feito na Finlândia, relaciona a impulsividade a vários distúrbios psiquiátricos e a comportamentos violentos. A pesquisa feita com presidiários de lá revelou que uma mutação pode predispor seus portadores a reagir sob o impulso do momento e de maneira irrefletida. A mutação está presente no gene HTR2B, um receptor de serotonina, neurotransmissor que atua no controle de impulsos. A descoberta foi feita após os pesquisadores sequenciarem e compararem o DNA de condenados por crimes violentos com um grupo controle.</div>
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Estudos que associavam a herança genética com a pré-disposição de determinados grupos de indivíduos para assassinato e estelionato, atividades usurárias, perversidade sexual, alta traição etc, foram desenvolvidos no século XIX e início do século XX, por toda Europa e EUA – NR.</div>
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A pesquisa foi feita com 96 presidiários por um grupo internacional e os resultados publicados na revista <i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nature</i>.</div>
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Denominada HTR2B Q20, a mutação se mostrou três vezes mais presente entre os presidiários do que nos demais. Os 17 condenados que carregavam a mutação (do total de 96 analisados) cometeram em média cinco crimes violentos, 94% dos quais sob a influência de bebidas alcoólicas. Os crimes se constituíram em reações agressivas a eventos menores sem premeditação ou ganho financeiro.</div>
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Apesar de a presença da mutação ter se mostrado mais frequente nos criminosos, os cientistas ressaltam que sua presença não é suficiente para provocar ou prever o comportamento impulsivo. Segundo Laura Bevilacqua, do Instituto Nacional sobre Abuso de Álcool e Alcoolismo dos Estados Unidos, outros fatores devem ser levados em consideração, como gênero, níveis de estresse ou consumo de álcool. Por conta disso, reforçam, mais estudos são necessários para entender melhor o papel particular dessa mutação descoberta agora.</div>
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Comportamento</div>
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O pesquisador da Unicamp esclarece que comportamento violento e impulsividade são aspectos um pouco distintos do comportamento humano. <i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“A agressividade ou comportamento violento é uma dimensão mental e comportamental própria do ser humano, uma experiência pessoal e manifestação comportamental fundamental para a sobrevivência e adaptação. É considerado fenômeno normal quando ocorre em contexto apropriado e em decorrência de motivos pertinentes à adaptação”</i>, define.</div>
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A agressividade, por outro lado, <i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“é definida como sintoma psicopatológico quando ocorre fora de contextos adaptativos e também quando ocorre destoando claramente de padrões culturais. O comportamento violento será detonado na ocorrência de determinados estímulos, mas também na dependência da característica básica do indivíduo .”</i></div>
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Psicopatia</div>
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O termo psicopata foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1941 pelo psiquiatra americano Hervey M. Cleckley, do Medical College da Geórgia. A psicopatia consiste num conjunto de comportamentos e traços de personalidade específicos. À primeira vista, os psicopatas são vistos como pessoas normais, mas costumam ser egocêntricos, desonestos e adotam comportamentos irresponsáveis. Não sentem culpa, são insensíveis e detestam compromisso. A maioria dos psicopatas é homem.</div>
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O instrumento mais usado entre os especialistas para diagnosticar a doença é o teste Psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R), desenvolvido pelo psicólogo canadense Robert D. Hare, da Universidade da Colúmbia Britânica. O método inclui uma entrevista padronizada com os pacientes e o levantamento do seu histórico pessoal, inclusive dos antecedentes criminais.</div>
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Psicopatas reagem de modo diferente a estímulos</div>
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Criminosos em série ou conhecidos pelo seu elevado grau de crueldade rendem boas histórias no cinema e na literatura. Também são alvo de inúmeras pesquisas científicas ao redor do mundo. Estudando esses criminosos, os cientistas descobriram que os psicopatas respondem de maneira diferenciada aos estímulos externos e processam informações de forma diferente.</div>
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O pesquisador Eduardo Teixeira conta que o comportamento violento do psicopata é planejado e plenamente deliberado. <i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Vários estudos já demonstraram alterações na neurofisiologia do cérebro do psicopata. São indivíduos que não reconhecem nas pessoas determinadas expressões afetivas, como a de sofrimento, dor, entre outras, ou reconhecem de forma diferente da população geral. São geralmente incapazes de sentir culpa, arrependimento e ainda pode sentir prazer com situações de sofrimento alheio”</i>, define.</div>
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Um estudo apresentado em 2003 no Reino Unido mostrou que quando pessoas normais mentem, existe atividade ampliada no lobo frontal. Isso sugere uma experiência de culpa e desconforto. Essa atividade não é verificada quando os psicopatas mentem.</div>
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Outro estudo constatou que psicopatas reagem de forma diferenciada quando vêem palavras fortes como ´estupro´ ou ´assassinato´. As mudanças que ocorrem em sua atividade cerebral diferem completamente das mudanças que ocorrem nos cérebros de não psicopatas.</div>
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SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-45362265852122415892016-05-12T18:35:00.003-07:002016-05-12T18:35:57.808-07:00LIVRO: BEBIDA ALCOÓLICA NÃO É PECADO<br />
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O Escriba Valdemir publicou este livro em que interpreta dezenas de passagens bíblicas que falam do vinho e da bebida alcoólica, e prova que o vinho é uma benção se bebido com moderação. Você pode compra-lo pelo clubedeautores.com e pelo amazon.com. Você também pode ler online ou baixa-lo no seu computador no site do slideshare.</div>
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<img alt="Cover_front_medium" height="400" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/209022/preview/cover_front_medium.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1485982808&Signature=3gHh9GPqlsR92OFsozp5d%2FKfFrU%3D" width="281" /></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="714" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/HywVyEoF26tpi6" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="668"></iframe><br />
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/bebida-alcolica-no-pecado" target="_blank" title="BEBIDA ALCOÓLICA NÃO É PECADO">BEBIDA ALCOÓLICA NÃO É PECADO</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-63073336542604837032016-04-20T16:09:00.001-07:002016-04-20T16:09:08.349-07:00LIVRO: O ANJO DE QUATRO PATAS<br />
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px;">Este livro pode ser comprado em vários sites da internet como o amazon.com e o link abaixo: </span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px;">https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/196286--O_ANJO_DE_QUATRO_PATAS?topic=realismofantastico#.VxgH5PkrLIU</span></span><br />
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<img alt="Cover_front_perspective" height="320" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/196286/preview/cover_front_perspective.png?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1484088591&Signature=rEFxzlyH%2FxT%2BvyobaHxj3cEWe1g%3D" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="190" /></div>
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Número de páginas:</b> 222 <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Edição:</b> 1(2015) <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">ISBN:</b> 978-1518677663 <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Formato:</b> A5 148x210 <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Coloração:</b> Preto e branco <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Acabamento:</b> Brochura c/ orelha <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tipo de papel:</b> Offset 75g</div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px;"><br />Esta é a história de um cão, um homem e um anjo. Talvez para você será apenas uma história fantasiosa sobre um animal de estimação, mas para mim, foi muito mais do que isto. Enquanto estou escrevendo estas palavras, o corpo sem vida do meu anjo está no carro, esperando para o sepultamento digno que farei amanhã a cem quilômetros daqui. Estou mergulhado em sentimentos como: agradecimento, gratidão, doces lembranças e nostalgia. Este livro pode ser classificado como realismo fantástico, porque parte do livro é expressão dos meus sentimentos e lembranças e parte do livro é sensorial, ao longo dos anos eu e a cadela conversávamos através do pensamento, por telepatia. As pessoas são livres para acreditarem ou não no que quiser, inclusive na história que eu vivi com a Doutora. Eva conversou com a serpente, Balaão com a mula e eu com um cachorro. Estas histórias são reais. As pessoas tem impulso de rejeitar o que não conhece. Não peço que acredite, apenas leia a minha história.</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="714" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/t2spp8xwnKbeBj" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="668"></iframe><br />
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/o-anjo-de-quatro-patas" target="_blank" title="O ANJO DE QUATRO PATAS">O ANJO DE QUATRO PATAS</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-63871677434936477092016-03-21T12:34:00.002-07:002016-03-21T12:34:16.474-07:00CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA CRIMINALIDAD<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">DEFINICION DE CRIMINALIDAD</span></div>
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Por criminalidad se entiende el volumen de infracciones cometidas sobre la ley penal, por individuos o una colectividad en un momento determinado y en una zona determinada, la criminalidad es un término que tiene muchas variantes, por ejemplo: los americanos no manejan el término criminalidad sino delincuencia. La delincuencia es un producto también a priori y de observación.<br />La criminalidad como delincuencia es una forma peculiar de recabar todos los hechos criminales, los hechos punibles ocurridos y fijados por las vías estadísticas.<br />La criminalidad maneja como delito el concepto normativo típico discriminado en los Códigos. La fijación estadística de la criminalidad tendrá necesariamente que referirse a los delitos tipificados, recogidos legislativamente en el libro II del Código Penal porque la única concepción que se tiene de delito es la que el Código trae.</div>
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<br />Desde que ha existido la comunidad humana existe el fenómeno constante “ La Criminalidad” es una ilusión creer que este fenómeno pueda suprimirse. Pervivirá mientras existan las sociedades a lo que puede aspirarse es a disminuir la criminalidad o buscarse que las faltas causen el menor daño posible a los intereses individuales y sociales. Los actos humanos obedecen a muchos motivos, en la teoría psicoanalítica estos motivos provienen unos del campo consciente y otros de los territorios del inconsciente.</div>
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CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA CRIMINALIDAD</div>
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La psicoanalistas clasifican la criminalidad en base a la conducta de los criminales y encontramos; Criminalidad Crónica, acciones criminales de individuos criminalmente afectados, de sujetos proclives a la delincuencia por la estructura de su aparato anímico.</div>
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a) Criminalidad Accidental: comprende las acciones criminales de hombre no delincuentes por inclinación. Tenemos otra clase de criminalidad en la clasificación en la delincuencia.</div>
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b) Criminalidad Fantástica: Existe en todo hombre, que es un criminal en potencia. Toda persona piensa cometer delitos. Esa criminalidad aflora en los sueños, ensueños, chistes y actos fallidos. Llámese ensueño, el soñar despierto, en un deseo fantástico de ser criminal, que manifiéstale en quien ha sido golpeado o vejado, por ejemplo que sueña con matar a su ofensor.</div>
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c) Criminalidad genuina: Es la del salvaje, inadecuado, sin instrucción, que no ha tenido oportunidad de construir el super-yo y cuyos instintos primarios no han sido dominados. Son los delincuentes natos o por tendencia, de la doctrina Lombrosiana. </div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-74235199045151047292016-03-21T10:06:00.002-07:002016-03-21T10:06:23.751-07:00LIVRO VIDA DE ANTÃO COM COMENTÁRIOSO Escriba Valdemir publicou o livro VIDA DE ANTÃO COM COMENTÁRIOS. O livro está a venda em varias livrarias virtuais, inclusive na amazon.com, lulu.com e no endereço abaixo:<br />
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https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/206050--VIDA_DE_ANTAO_COM_COMENTARIOS?topic=politicaeconomica<br />
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O livro está repleto de relatos de milagres que acompanharam a vida de Antão, merecendo credibilidade pelo caráter crítico do seu biografo, o teólogo Atanásio. Antão desde cedo mostrava tendência a vida isolada e se distanciava da vida social, recusando-se mesmo ir a escola e sendo de família cristã era extremamente aplicado a obediência ao Evangelho. Desde cedo o Espirito Santo tocou-lhe sobre a necessidade de largar e desprezar as riquezas e prazeres deste mundo para se dedicar a vida de oração. Atanásio que era um fervoroso bispo cristão era aplicado a teologia dedicando toda a sua vida ao combate a seita dos arianos. Atanásio em seu combate a seita ariana, formulou como ninguém antes a teologia da Trindade, expondo de forma inequívoca pelas Escrituras que Deus é triúno. Antão e Atanásio eram cúmplices neste combate ao arianismo. Devemos a Atanásio o maravilhoso registro sobre a vida de Antão e graças a este registro, muitos cristãos foram influenciados pelo exemplo de vida deste servo de Deus.</div>
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/vida-de-anto-com-comentrios" target="_blank" title="VIDA DE ANTÃO COM COMENTÁRIOS">VIDA DE ANTÃO COM COMENTÁRIOS</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-62321863206419346392015-10-02T20:08:00.000-07:002015-10-02T20:08:30.115-07:00QU'EST-CE QUE LA CRIMINOLOGIE?<h1 class="csc-firstHeader" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(194, 190, 181); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #292723; font-family: DINLight, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.18em; margin: 18px 0px 30px; padding-left: 10px;">
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La criminologie est l’étude pluridisciplinaire du phénomène criminel. Elle prend appui sur les sciences humaines (psychologie, sociologie, droit, etc.) pour connaître le délit, le délinquant, la victime, la criminalité et la réaction sociale face au crime.</div>
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Bien que le phénomène criminel soit connu de tous, notamment par l’entremise des médias, sa compréhension reste souvent anecdotique et fragmentaire. Le criminologue va au-delà du fait divers et aborde la question criminelle en toute rigueur, en privilégiant une approche critique. Il analyse d'abord le crime et ensuite le type d’intervention entourant celui-ci.</div>
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La criminologie est aussi une discipline appliquée. La formation que le criminologue reçoit lui permet, par exemple, de décider si une libération conditionnelle peut être accordée à un détenu ou, autre exemple, de proposer un plan d'action pour faire face à une prolifération de vols d'automobile dans tel parc de stationnement. C'est ainsi que le criminologue élabore des stratégies de prévention et de gestion du risque qui tiennent compte de la dynamique du crime et des enjeux éthiques et politiques.</div>
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<span style="color: #292723; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.6px; line-height: 24.64px;">http://crim.umontreal.ca/notre-ecole/quest-ce-que-la-criminologie/</span></span></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-11254727047477318222015-10-02T16:41:00.002-07:002015-10-02T16:41:36.972-07:00LIVRO: MEMORIAL CRIMINOSO DO PT - VOLUME IO Escriba Valdemir publicou este livro que você pode ler aqui na íntegra. São 42 capítulos falando dos crimes cometidos pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores. O livro pode ser adquirido impresso no endereço a seguir:<br />
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https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/194321--MEMORIAL_CRIMINOSO_DO_PT<br />
<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/194321/preview/cover_front_big.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1465907375&Signature=CsGgAE9QslpW%2BeYGuOFTmTMCZTc%3D" /><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//pt.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/C9pGf1KWmqH0ao" style="border-width: 1px; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="477"> </iframe> <br />
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<strong> <a href="https://pt.slideshare.net/ValdemirMotaDEMenezes/memorial-criminoso-do-pt-volume-i" target="_blank" title="MEMORIAL CRIMINOSO DO PT - VOLUME I">MEMORIAL CRIMINOSO DO PT - VOLUME I</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ValdemirMotaDEMenezes" target="_blank">Valdemir Mota DE Menezes</a></strong> <br />
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SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-15369104164271717052015-08-31T12:05:00.002-07:002015-08-31T12:05:10.456-07:00LIBRO INDOSSARE I LVELO<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51hqln4AiIL._SX331_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; text-align: start;">Il libro: INDOSSARE IL VELO scritto da Scribe Valdemir è una difesa forte per l'uso del velo da parte delle donne cristiane. Il libro contiene 236 pagine riccamente illustrate e sostenuto dalla luce della Bibbia, ragione e la logica. Possono essere acquistati presso il sito amazon.com al link qui sotto:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; text-align: start;">http://www.amazon.com/indossare-il-velo-ecclesiologia-Italian/dp/151703115X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1441046645&sr=8-1&keywords=INDOSSARE+IL+VELO&pebp=1441046647581&perid=055KS4T8Z9ER2A2RH4K8</span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//pt.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/7N7JGFLxBvOwez" style="border-width: 1px; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="477"> </iframe> <br />
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<strong> <a href="https://pt.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/indossare-il-velo" target="_blank" title="INDOSSARE IL VELO">INDOSSARE IL VELO</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong> </div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-77576083365881689342014-06-24T14:22:00.001-07:002014-06-24T14:22:40.349-07:00LUXURY OF DRUG DEALERS OF MEXICO - SCRIBE VALDEMIR This NatGeo documentary reveals the power that drug traffickers in Mexico engaged in that nation. The drugs make the man lose control of his mind, facilitating their spiritual destruction of man addicted to narcotics. World governments should toughen policy regarding drug dealers, because they destroy men. (Scribe Valdemir)<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/il7Bpyq5tXM" width="560"></iframe>SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-48186559716549762332014-03-20T12:22:00.000-07:002014-06-24T14:27:34.820-07:00POLICE<title></title>
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<!-- CentralNotice -->VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES</div>
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Police</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#mw-navigation">navigation</a>,
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<span lang="en">For
other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_%28disambiguation%29">Police
(disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="en">"Department
of Police" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Police_%28disambiguation%29">Department
of Police (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
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This article has multiple issues. <span style="font-weight: normal;">Please
help </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police&action=edit"><b>improve
it</b></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> or discuss these
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<td width="566"><div class="western">
The examples and perspective in this
article <b>may not represent a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias">worldwide
view</a> of the subject</b>. Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police&action=edit">improve
this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Police">talk
page</a>. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(February 2010)</i></span></div>
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<img align="bottom" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" height="40" name="figura3" width="40" /></div>
</td>
<td width="574"><div class="western">
This article's <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section">lead
section</a> may not adequately <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style">summarize</a>
key points of its contents</b>. Please consider expanding
the lead to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview">provide
an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the
article. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(December 2009)</i></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" id="protected-icon">
<div class="western">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" alt="Page semi-protected" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" height="20" name="figura4" width="20" /></span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/220px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" height="330" name="figura5" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura6" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei">German
State Police</a> officer in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg">Hamburg</a>,
with the rank of </span><span lang="en"><i>Polizeihauptmeister mit
Zulage</i></span><span lang="en"> (Confirmed Police Sergeant Major).</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">A </span><span lang="en"><b>police</b></span><span lang="en">
force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state">state</a>
to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement">enforce the
law</a>, protect property, and limit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disorder">civil
disorder</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-1">[1]</a>
Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most
commonly associated with police services of a state that are
authorized to exercise the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_power">police
power</a> of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of
responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate
from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the
state against foreign aggressors; however, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>
are military units charged with civil policing.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Law enforcement, however,
constitutes only part of policing activity.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-2">[2]</a>
Policing has included an array of activities in different situations,
but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of
order.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-3">[3]</a>
In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these
developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the
protection of private property.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-4">[4]</a>
Some parts of the world may suffer from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruption">police
corruption</a>. The police force is usually a public sector service,
meaning they usually get paid by the taxpayer.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Alternative names for police force
include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabulary">constabulary</a>,
gendarmerie, police department, police service, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_prevention">crime
prevention</a>, protective services, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency">law
enforcement agency</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_%28disambiguation%29">civil
guard</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Guard_%28disambiguation%29">civic
guard</a>. Members may be referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer">police
officers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooper_%28police_rank%29">troopers</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff">sheriffs</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable">constables</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_%28disambiguation%29">rangers</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_officer">peace officers</a>
or civic/civil guards. Police of the Soviet-era Eastern Europe were
(or are, in some cases, as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus">Belarus</a>)
called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militsiya"><span lang="en"><i>militsiya</i></span></a><span lang="en">.
The Irish police are called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na">Garda
Síochána</a> ("guardians of the peace"); a police officer
is called a </span><span lang="en"><i>garda</i></span><span lang="en">.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">As police are often interacting
with individuals, slang terms are numerous. Many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slang_terms_for_police_officers">slang
terms for police officers</a> are decades or centuries old with lost
etymology.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="Seção6">
<div class="western">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="Seção7">
<h2 class="western">
Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Etymology">1
Etymology</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#History">2
History</a> </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Ancient_policing">2.1
Ancient policing</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Medieval_policing">2.2
Medieval policing</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Early_Modern_policing">2.3
Early Modern policing</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#The_modern_police_force">2.4
The modern police force</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Other_countries">2.5
Other countries</a> </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Australia">2.5.1
Australia</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Brazil">2.5.2
Brazil</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Canada">2.5.3
Canada</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Lebanon">2.5.4
Lebanon</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#United_States">2.5.5
United States</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Development_of_theory">2.6
Development of theory</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Personnel_and_organization">3
Personnel and organization</a> </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Uniformed_police">3.1
Uniformed police</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Detectives">3.2
Detectives</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Auxiliary">3.3
Auxiliary</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Specialized_units">3.4
Specialized units</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Military_police">3.5
Military police</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Religious_police">3.6
Religious police</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Varying_jurisdictions">4
Varying jurisdictions</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#International_policing">5
International policing</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Equipment">6
Equipment</a> </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Weapons">6.1
Weapons</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Communications">6.2
Communications</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Vehicles">6.3
Vehicles</a> </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Other_safety_equipment">6.3.1
Other safety equipment</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Strategies">7
Strategies</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Power_restrictions">8
Power restrictions</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Conduct.2C_accountability_and_public_confidence">9
Conduct, accountability and public confidence</a> </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Use_of_force">9.1
Use of force</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Protection_of_individuals">9.2
Protection of individuals</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#International_forces">10
International forces</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#See_also">11
See also</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#References">12
References</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#Further_reading">13
Further reading</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#External_links">14
External links</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Etymology</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">First attested in English c.1530,
the word </span><span lang="en"><i>police</i></span><span lang="en">
comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French">Middle
French</a> </span><span lang="en"><i>police</i></span><span lang="en">,
in turn from Latin </span><span lang="en"><i>politia</i></span><span lang="en">,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-5">[5]</a>
which is the Latinisation of the Greek πολιτεία (</span><span lang="en"><i>politeia</i></span><span lang="en">),
"citizenship, administration, civil polity".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-6">[6]</a>
This is derived from πόλις (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis"><span lang="en"><i>polis</i></span></a><span lang="en">),
"city".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-7">[7]</a></span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
History</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_criminal_justice">History
of criminal justice</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Ancient policing</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Law enforcement in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China">Ancient
China</a> was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of
years since it developed in both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_%28state%29">Chu</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_%28Chinese_state%29">Jin</a>
kingdoms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Period">Spring
and Autumn</a> period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across
the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They
were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher
authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the
emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their
"prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were
"subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement
of the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling
investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could
also be women.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-8">[8]</a>
The concept of the "prefecture system" would spread to
other cultures such as Korea and Japan.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece">Ancient
Greece</a>, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police.
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens">Athens</a>, a group
of 300 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian">Scythian</a>
slaves (the ῥαβδοῦχοι, "rod-bearers") was used
to guard public meetings to keep order and for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_control">crowd
control</a>, and also assisted with dealing with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminals">criminals</a>,
handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with
modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the
citizens themselves.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-9">[9]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire">Roman
Empire</a>, the Army, rather than a dedicated police organization,
provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to provide
some extra security. Magistrates such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_Fiscal"><span lang="en"><i>procurators
fiscal</i></span></a><span lang="en"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"><span lang="en"><i>quaestors</i></span></a><span lang="en">
investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so
victims of crime or their families had to organize and manage the
prosecution themselves.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Under the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus">Augustus</a>,
when the capital had grown to almost one million inhabitants, 14
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_%28country_subdivision%29">wards</a>
were created; the wards were protected by seven squads of 1,000 men
called </span><span lang="en"><i>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigiles">vigiles</a>"</i></span><span lang="en">,
who acted as firemen and nightwatchmen. Their duties included
apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The
vigiles were supported by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Cohort">Urban
Cohorts</a> who acted as a heavy-duty anti-riot force and the even
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard">Praetorian
Guard</a> if necessary.</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Medieval policing</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakobsweg_-_Pilger_1568_-_Hurden_IMG_5664.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jakobsweg_-_Pilger_1568_-_Hurden_IMG_5664.JPG/200px-Jakobsweg_-_Pilger_1568_-_Hurden_IMG_5664.JPG" height="264" name="figura7" width="200" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakobsweg_-_Pilger_1568_-_Hurden_IMG_5664.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura8" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermandad">hermandades</a>
of Medieval Spain were formed to protect pilgrims on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St._James">the
road</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela">Santiago
de Compostela</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In Medieval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a>,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermandad"><span lang="en"><i>hermandades</i></span></a><span lang="en">,
or "brotherhoods", peacekeeping associations of armed
individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n">Castile</a>.
As medieval Spanish kings often could not offer adequate protection,
protective municipal leagues began to emerge in the 12th century
against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandit">bandits</a> and
other rural criminals, and against the lawless <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility">nobility</a>
or to support one or another claimant to a crown.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">These organizations were intended
to be temporary, but became a long-standing fixture of Spain. The
first recorded case of the formation of an </span><span lang="en"><i>hermandad</i></span><span lang="en">
occurred when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to
police the pilgrim road to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela">Santiago
de Compostela</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29">Galicia</a>,
and protect the pilgrims against robber knights.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Throughout the Middle Ages such
alliances were frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect
the roads connecting them, and were occasionally extended to
political purposes. Among the most powerful was the league of North
Castilian and Basque ports, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermandad_de_las_marismas&action=edit&redlink=1">Hermandad
de las marismas</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo">Toledo</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina">Talavera</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal">Villarreal</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">As one of their first acts after
end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession">War
of the Castilian Succession</a> in 1479, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon">Ferdinand</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile">Isabella</a>
established the centrally organized and efficient </span><span lang="en"><i>Holy
Brotherhood</i></span><span lang="en"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Hermandad"><span lang="en"><i>Santa
Hermandad</i></span></a><span lang="en">) as a national police force.
They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general
police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed
with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The
original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units
until their final suppression in 1835.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Holy_Court">Fehmic
courts</a> of Germany provided some policing in the absence of strong
state institutions.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>
during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages">Middle
Ages</a>, there were two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Officers_of_the_Crown_of_France">Great
Officers of the Crown of France</a> with police responsibilities: The
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France">Marshal of
France</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France">Constable
of France</a>. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal
of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was
known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from
the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War">Hundred
Years' War</a>, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th
century. Another organisation, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabulary">Constabulary</a>
(French: Connétablie), was under the command of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France">Constable
of France</a>. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in
1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the
Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force
was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary
and Marshalcy of France.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England">English</a>
system of maintaining public order since the Norman conquest was a
private system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing_%28country_subdivision%29">tithings</a>,
led by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable">constable</a>,
which was based on a social obligation for the good conduct of the
others; more common was that local lords and nobles were responsible
for maintaining order in their lands, and often appointed a
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable">constable</a>,
sometimes unpaid, to enforce the law. There was also a system
investigative "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury">juries</a>".</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_of_Arms_of_1252">Assize
of Arms of 1252</a>, which required the appointment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constables">constables</a>
to summon men to arms, quell <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace">breaches
of the peace</a>, and to deliver offenders to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff">sheriffs</a>
or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_%28England%29">reeves</a>,
is cited as one of the earliest creation of the English police.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-police1889-10">[10]</a>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Winchester">Statute
of Winchester</a> of 1285 is also cited as the primary legislation
regulating the policing of the country between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England">Norman
Conquest</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Act_1829">Metropolitan
Police Act 1829</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-police1889-10">[10]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-11">[11]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">From about 1500, private watchmen
were funded by private individuals and organisations to carry out
police functions. They were later nicknamed 'Charlies', probably
after the reigning monarch King Charles II. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief-taker">Thief-takers</a>
were also rewarded for catching thieves and returning the stolen
property.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The first use of the word police
("Polles") in English comes from the book "The Second
Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England" published in
1642<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-12">[12]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Early Modern policing</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The first centrally organised
police force was created by the government of King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV">Louis
XIV</a> in 1667 to police the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris">Paris</a>,
then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"><span lang="en"><i>Parlement</i></span></a><span lang="en">
of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_police"><span lang="en"><i>lieutenant
général de police</i></span></a><span lang="en"> ("lieutenant
general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris
police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring
the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging
the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and
having each and everyone live according to their station and their
duties".</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriel-Nicolas_de_la_Reynie.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gabriel-Nicolas_de_la_Reynie.jpg/220px-Gabriel-Nicolas_de_la_Reynie.jpg" height="266" name="figura9" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriel-Nicolas_de_la_Reynie.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura10" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reynie">Gabriel
Nicolas de la Reynie</a>, founder of the first uniformed police force
in the world.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">This office was first held by
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reynie">Gabriel
Nicolas de la Reynie</a>, who had 44 </span><span lang="en"><i>commissaires
de police</i></span><span lang="en"> (police commissioners) under his
authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by </span><span lang="en"><i>inspecteurs
de police</i></span><span lang="en"> (police inspectors). The city of
Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the </span><span lang="en"><i>commissaires</i></span><span lang="en">,
each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing
bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the
rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the
creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities
and towns.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution">French
Revolution</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_I">Napoléon
I</a> reorganized the police in Paris and other cities with more than
5,000 inhabitants on February 17, 1800 as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police">Prefecture
of Police</a>. On March 12, 1829, a government decree created the
first uniformed police in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>,
known as </span><span lang="en"><i>sergents de ville</i></span><span lang="en">
("city sergeants"), which the Paris Prefecture of Police's
website claims were the first uniformed policemen in the world.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-13">[13]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In 1737, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain">George
II</a> began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax
monies, beginning the shift to government control. In 1749 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding">Henry
Fielding</a> began organizing a force of quasi-professional
constables known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners">Bow
Street Runners</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdaniel_affair">Macdaniel
affair</a> added further impetus for a publicly salaried police force
that did not depend on rewards. Nonetheless, In 1828, there were
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_police">privately
financed police</a> units in no fewer than 45 parishes within a
10-mile radius of London.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The word "police" was
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword">borrowed</a> from
French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long
time it applied only to French and continental European police
forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked
as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica_1911"><span lang="en"><i>Britannica
1911</i></span></a><span lang="en">). Before the 19th century, the
first use of the word "police" recorded in government
documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners
of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Police_Force">Marine
Police</a> in 1798.</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
The modern police force</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick_Colquhoun.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Patrick_Colquhoun.jpg/174px-Patrick_Colquhoun.jpg" height="200" name="figura11" width="174" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick_Colquhoun.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura12" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Colquhoun">Patrick
Colquhoun</a>, founder of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_River_Police">Thames
River Police</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The basis for the modern police
force was laid down by reformers at the turn of the 19th century, on
the basis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham#Work">Benthamite
philosophy</a>. In 1797, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Colquhoun">Patrick
Colquhoun</a> was able to persuade the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies">West
Indies</a> merchants who operated at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_of_London">Pool
of London</a> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames">River
Thames</a>, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent
rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000
worth of cargo.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-paterson-14">[14]</a>
The idea of a police, as it then existed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>,
was considered an affront to the liberal English. In building the
case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police
sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic
indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was
"perfectly congenial to the principle of the British
constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French
system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection"
in his estimation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-critchley-15">[15]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">With the initial investment of
£4,200, the new trial force of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_River_Police">Thames
River Police</a> began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000
workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were
known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success
after its first year, and his men had "established their worth
by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several
lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government
passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a
private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the
world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, </span><span lang="en"><i>The
Commerce and Policing of the River Thames</i></span><span lang="en">.
It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar
forces in other countries, notably, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New
York</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin">Dublin</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney">Sydney</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-paterson-14">[14]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Colquhoun's utilitarian approach
to the problem – using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis">cost-benefit</a>
argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit –
allowed him to achieve what <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding">Henry</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fielding">John
Fielding</a> failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the
stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time,
salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-16">[16]</a>
His other contribution was the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_policing">preventive
policing</a>; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to
crime by their permanent presence on the Thames.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-critchley-15">[15]</a>
Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel">Robert Peel</a>'s
"new" police three decades later.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-17">[17]</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peeler1.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Peeler1.jpg/163px-Peeler1.jpg" height="210" name="figura13" width="163" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peeler1.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura14" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">A Peeler of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service">Metropolitan
Police Service</a> in the 1850s.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Meanwhile, the authorities in
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland">Scotland</a>
successfully petitioned the government to pass the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Police_Act_1800">Glasgow
Police Act</a> establishing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police">City
of Glasgow Police</a> in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed
suit and set up their own police forces through acts of
parliament.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-18">[18]</a>
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland">Ireland</a>, the
Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary">Royal
Irish Constabulary</a>. The Act established a force in each barony
with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_constable">chief
constables</a> and inspectors general under the control of the civil
administration at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Castle">Dublin
Castle</a>. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">London was fast reaching a size
unprecedented in world history, due to the onset of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution">Industrial
Revolution</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-19">[19]</a>
It became clear that the locally maintained system of volunteer
constables and "watchmen" was ineffective, both in
detecting and preventing crime. A parliamentary committee was
appointed to investigate the system of policing in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London">London</a>.
Upon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel">Sir Robert
Peel</a> being appointed as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary">Home
Secretary</a> in 1822, he established a second and more effective
committee, and acted upon its findings.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent">Royal
Assent</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Act_1829">Metropolitan
Police Act</a> was given,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-ndad-20">[20]</a>
and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service">Metropolitan
Police Service</a> was established on September 29, 1829 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London">London</a>
as the first modern and professional police force in the
world.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-23">[23]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel">Robert
Peel</a>, widely regarded as the father of modern policing,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-24">[24]</a>
was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham">Jeremy
Bentham</a>, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically
neutral police force for the maintenance of social order, for the
protection of people from crime and to act as a visible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_police">deterrent</a>
to urban <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime">crime</a> and
disorder.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-brodeur284-25">[25]</a>
Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid
profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it
answerable to the public.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-26">[26]</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Krogh-Albertine_i_politil%C3%A6gens_ventev%C3%A6relse.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Christian_Krogh-Albertine_i_politil%C3%A6gens_ventev%C3%A6relse.jpg/220px-Christian_Krogh-Albertine_i_politil%C3%A6gens_ventev%C3%A6relse.jpg" height="192" name="figura15" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Krogh-Albertine_i_politil%C3%A6gens_ventev%C3%A6relse.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura16" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_at_the_Police_Doctor%27s_Waiting_Room"><span lang="en"><i>Albertine
at the Police Doctor's Waiting Room</i></span></a><span lang="en">,
(1885-87), painting by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Krohg">Christian
Krohg</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Due to public fears concerning the
deployment of the military in domestic matters, Robert Peel organised
the force along civilian lines, rather than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>.
To appear neutral, the uniform was deliberately manufactured in blue,
rather than red which was then a military colour, along with the
officers being armed only with a wooden <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_%28law_enforcement%29">truncheon</a>
and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_%28instrument%29">rattle</a>
to signal the need for assistance. Along with this, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom">police
ranks</a> did not include military titles, with the exception of
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant#Police_7">Sergeant</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-27">[27]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">To distance the new police force
from the initial public view of it as a new tool of government
repression, Peel publicised the so-called '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles">Peelian
Principles</a>', which set down basic guidelines for ethical
policing:</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">Every
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer">police officer</a>
should be issued an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_card">identification
number</a>, to assure accountability for his actions. </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Whether
the police are effective is not measured on the number of arrests,
but on the lack of crime.
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" lang="en">
Above all else, an effective
authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount.
Hence, Peel's most often quoted principle that "The police are
the public and the public are the police."
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_group_portrait_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Police_group_portrait_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/220px-Police_group_portrait_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg" height="152" name="figura17" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_group_portrait_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura18" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Group portrait of policemen, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds">Bury
St Edmunds</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk">Suffolk</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England">England</a>, c. 1900.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act
created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force
and it's powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the
judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and
apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the
law.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-28">[28]</a>
This was very different to the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent">Continental</a>
model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where
the police force worked within the parameters of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy">absolutist</a>
state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned
as part of the governing state.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In 1863, the Metropolitan Police
were issued with the distinctive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_helmet">Custodian
helmet</a>, and in 1884 they switched to the use of whistles that
could be heard from much further away.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-29">[29]</a>
The Metropolitan Police became a model for the police forces in most
countries, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United
States</a>, and most of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire">British
Empire</a>. Bobbies can still be found in many parts of the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations">Commonwealth
of Nations</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-30">[30]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Other countries</h3>
<h4 class="western" lang="en">
Australia</h4>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">Main
article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia">Law
enforcement in Australia</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victorian_Police_Motorcycle,_Geelong,_Aust,_jjron,_30.9.2010.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Victorian_Police_Motorcycle%2C_Geelong%2C_Aust%2C_jjron%2C_30.9.2010.jpg/220px-Victorian_Police_Motorcycle%2C_Geelong%2C_Aust%2C_jjron%2C_30.9.2010.jpg" height="293" name="figura19" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victorian_Police_Motorcycle,_Geelong,_Aust,_jjron,_30.9.2010.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura20" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_motorcycle">Police
motorcycles</a> are commonly used for patrols and escorts, as seen
here in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a>
the first police force having centralised command as well as
jurisdiction over an entire colony was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia_Police">South
Australia Police</a>, formed in 1838 under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Inman_%28Police_Commander%29">Henry
Inman</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">However, whilst the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force">New
South Wales Police Force</a> was established in 1862, it was made up
from a large number of policing and military units operating within
the then Colony of New South Wales and traces its links back to the
Royal Marines. The passing of the Police Regulation Act of 1862
essentially tightly regulated and centralised all of the police
forces operating throughout the Colony of New South Wales.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force">New
South Wales Police Force</a> remains the largest police force in
Australia in terms of personnel and physical resources. It is also
the only police force that requires its recruits to undertake
university studies at the recruit level and has the recruit pay for
their own education.</span></div>
<h4 class="western" lang="en">
Brazil</h4>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">Main
article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil">Law
enforcement in Brazil</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fnst.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fnst.jpg/220px-Fnst.jpg" height="146" name="figura21" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fnst.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura22" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Brazil's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Force_%28Brazil%29">National
Public Security Force</a> (Força Nacional de Segurança Pública)</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In 1566, the first police
investigator of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro">Rio
de Janeiro</a> was recruited. By the 17th century, most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy">captaincies</a>
already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9,
1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in Minas Gerais for maintaining
law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to
Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI
established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General
Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police
Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each
province started organizing its local "military police",
with order maintenance tasks. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Police">Federal
Railroad Police</a> was created in 1852.</span></div>
<h4 class="western" lang="en">
Canada</h4>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada">Law
enforcement in Canada</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada">Canada</a>,
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Constabulary">Royal
Newfoundland Constabulary</a> was founded in 1729, making it the
first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Police">Toronto
Police</a>, and in 1838 by police forces in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal">Montreal</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City">Quebec City</a>.
A national force, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Police">Dominion
Police</a>, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police
provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly
grew. The famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northwest_Mounted_Police">Royal
Northwest Mounted Police</a> was founded in 1873. The merger of these
two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police">Royal
Canadian Mounted Police</a>.</span></div>
<h4 class="western" lang="en">
Lebanon</h4>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,
modern police were established in 1861, with creation of the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-31">[31]</a></span></div>
<h4 class="western" lang="en">
United States</h4>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States">Law
enforcement in the United States</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America">British
North America</a>, policing was initially provided by local elected
officials. For instance, the New York Sheriff's Office was founded in
1626, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_County_Sheriff%27s_Department_%28New_York%29">Albany
County Sheriff's Department</a> in the 1660s. In the colonial period,
policing was provided by elected sheriffs and local militias.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In 1789 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marshals_Service">U.S.
Marshals Service</a> was established, followed by other federal
services such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Parks_Police&action=edit&redlink=1">U.S.
Parks Police</a> (1791)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-32">[32]</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Mint_Police&action=edit&redlink=1">U.S.
Mint Police</a> (1792).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-33">[33]</a>
The first city police services were established in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>
in 1751,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-34">[34]</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia">Richmond,
Virginia</a> in 1807,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-35">[35]</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston">Boston</a> in 1838,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-36">[36]</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York</a>
in 1845.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-37">[37]</a>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service">U.S.
Secret Service</a> was founded in 1865 and was for some time the main
investigative body for the federal government.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-38">[38]</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Marshals_knock_and_announce.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/U.S._Marshals_knock_and_announce.jpg/170px-U.S._Marshals_knock_and_announce.jpg" height="127" name="figura23" width="170" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Marshals_knock_and_announce.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura24" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">A Deputy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service">U.S.
Marshal</a> covers his fellow officers with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_carbine">M4
carbine</a> during a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-and-announce">knock-and-announce</a>"
procedure</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American
Civil War</a>, policing became more paramilitary in character, with
the increased use of uniforms and military ranks. Before this,
sheriff's offices had been non-uniformed organizations without a
para-military hierarchy.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">]</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Old_West">American
Old West</a>, policing was often of very poor quality.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">] The Army often provided some
policing alongside poorly resourced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff">sheriffs</a>
and temporarily organised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_comitatus_%28common_law%29">posses</a>.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">] Public organizations were
supplemented by private contractors, notably the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency">Pinkerton
National Detective Agency</a>, which was hired by individuals,
businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its
height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army">United
States Army</a>.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">]</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In recent years, in addition to
federal, state, and local forces, some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_districts">special
districts</a> have been formed to provide extra police protection in
designated areas. These districts may be known as neighborhood
improvement districts, crime prevention districts, or security
districts.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-39">[39]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In 2005, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme
Court of the United States</a> ruled that police do not have a
constitutional duty to protect a person from harm.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-40">[40]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Development of theory</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault">Michel
Foucault</a> claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid
and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and
French legal scholars and practitioners in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration">Public
administration</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics">Statistics</a>
in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas
Delamare's </span><a href="http://cujas.synasoft.fr/page.asp?Ouvrage=225&Ftime=1"><span lang="en"><i>Traité
de la Police</i></span></a><span lang="en"> ("Treatise on the
Police"), first published in 1705. The German
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizeiwissenschaft"><span lang="en"><i>Polizeiwissenschaft</i></span></a><span lang="en">
(Science of Police) first theorized by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_von_H%C3%B6rnigk">Philipp
von Hörnigk</a> a 17th-century Austrian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economist">Political
economist</a> and civil servant and much more famously by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Gottlob_Justi">Johann
Heinrich Gottlob Justi</a> who produced an important theoretical work
known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameral">Cameral</a>
science on the formulation of police.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-41">[41]</a>
Foucault cites <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magdalene_Humpert&action=edit&redlink=1">Magdalene
Humpert</a> author of </span><span lang="en"><i>Bibliographie der
Kameralwissenschaften</i></span><span lang="en"> (1937) in which the
author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over
4000 pieces of the practice of Polizeiwissenschaft from the 16th
century dates ranging from 1520-1850.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-42">[42]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">As conceptualized by the
</span><span lang="en"><i>Polizeiwissenschaft</i></span><span lang="en">,
the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring
abundance"). It was in charge of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics">demographic</a>
concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political
philosophy system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raison_d%27%C3%A9tat">raison
d'état</a> and therefore giving the superficial appearance of
empowering the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population">population</a>
(and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilist">mercantilist</a>
theory, was to be the main strength of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_%28polity%29">state</a>.
Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement
activities and included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health">public
health</a> concerns, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning">urban
planning</a> (which was important because of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_disease">miasma
theory of disease</a>; thus, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeteries">cemeteries</a>
were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices">prices</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-43">[43]</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/147px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" height="200" name="figura25" width="147" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura26" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham">Jeremy
Bentham</a>, philosopher who advocated for the establishment of
preventive police forces and influenced the reforms of Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel">Robert
Peel</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The concept of preventive
policing, or policing to deter crime from taking place, gained
influence in the late 18th century. Police Magistrate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fielding">John
Fielding</a>, head of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners">Bow
Street Runners</a>, argued that "...it is much better to prevent
even one man from being a rogue than apprehending and bringing forty
to justice."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-Marin-44">[44]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a>
philosopher, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham">Jeremy
Bentham</a>, promoted the views of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy">Italian</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare,_Marquis_of_Beccaria">Marquis
Cesare Beccaria</a>, and disseminated a translated version of "Essay
on Crime in Punishment". Bentham espoused the guiding principle
of "the greatest good for the greatest number:</span></div>
<blockquote class="western" style="margin-left: 1.18in;">
<span lang="en"><i>It
is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the chief
aim of every good system of legislation, which is the art of leading
men to the greatest possible happiness or to the least possible
misery, according to calculation of all the goods and evils of
life.</i></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-Marin-44"><span lang="en">[44]</span></a></blockquote>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Colquhoun">Patrick
Colquhoun</a>'s influential work, </span><span lang="en"><i>A
Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis</i></span><span lang="en">
(1797) was heavily influenced by Benthamite thought. Colquhoun's
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Police_Force">Thames
River Police</a> was founded on these principles, and in contrast to
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners">Bow
Street Runners</a>, acted as a deterrent by their continual presence
on the riverfront, in addition to being able to intervene if they
spotted a crime in progress.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-45">[45]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Chadwick">Edwin
Chadwick</a>'s 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the
</span><span lang="en"><i>London Review</i></span><span lang="en">,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-46">[46]</a>
argued that prevention ought to be the </span><span lang="en"><i>primary</i></span><span lang="en">
concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The
reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act
more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of
temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a
preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime
cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay". In the second draft
of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new
Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal
object," which was the "prevention of crime."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-47">[47]</a>
Later historians would attribute the perception of England's
"appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the
preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-48">[48]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Development of modern police
forces around the world was contemporary to the formation of the
state, later defined by sociologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber">Max
Weber</a> as achieving a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_the_legitimate_use_of_physical_force">monopoly
on the legitimate use of physical force</a>" and which was
primarily exercised by the police and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military">military</a>.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist">Marxist</a> theory
situates the development of the modern state as part of the rise of
capitalism, in which the police are one component of the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>'s
repressive apparatus for subjugating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class">working
class</a>.</span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Personnel and organization</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In most Western police forces,
perhaps the most significant division is between preventive
(uniformed) police and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective">detectives</a>.
Terminology varies from country to country.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police functions include
protecting life and property, enforcing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law">criminal
law</a>, criminal investigations, regulating traffic, crowd control,
and other public safety duties.</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Uniformed police</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Federal_Highway_Police.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brazilian_Federal_Highway_Police.jpg/220px-Brazilian_Federal_Highway_Police.jpg" height="166" name="figura27" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Federal_Highway_Police.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura28" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Brazilian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Police">Federal
Highway Police</a> at work.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Preventive Police, also called
Uniform Branch, Uniformed Police, Uniform Division, Administrative
Police, Order Police, or Patrol, designates the police that patrol
and respond to emergencies and other incidents, as opposed to
detective services. As the name "uniformed" suggests, they
wear <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform">uniforms</a> and
perform functions that require an immediate recognition of an
officer's legal authority, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic">traffic</a>
control, stopping and detaining motorists, and more active crime
response and prevention.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Preventive police almost always
make up the bulk of a police service's personnel. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a>
and Britain, patrol personnel are also known as "general duties"
officers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-bayley-1979-49">[49]</a>
Atypically, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil">Brazil</a>'s
preventive police are known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_%28Brazil%29">Military
Police</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-50">[50]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Detectives</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vehicle_drug_search_australia.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vehicle_drug_search_australia.jpg/220px-Vehicle_drug_search_australia.jpg" height="146" name="figura29" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vehicle_drug_search_australia.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura30" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force">New
South Wales Police Force</a> officers search the vehicle of a
suspected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_smuggler">drug
smuggler</a> at a border crossing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth,_New_South_Wales">Wentworth,
New South Wales</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective">detectives</a>
are responsible for investigations and detective work. Detectives may
be called Investigations Police, Judiciary/Judicial Police, and
Criminal Police. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK">UK</a>,
they are often referred to by the name of their department, the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department">Criminal
Investigation Department (CID)</a>. Detectives typically make up
roughly 15%-25% of a police service's personnel.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en">
Detectives, in contrast to uniformed
police, typically wear 'business attire' in bureaucratic and
investigative functions where a uniformed presence would be either a
distraction or intimidating, but a need to establish police authority
still exists. "Plainclothes" officers dress in attire
consistent with that worn by the general public for purposes of
blending in.</div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In some cases, police are assigned
to work "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover">undercover</a>",
where they conceal their police identity to investigate crimes, such
as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime">organized
crime</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic">narcotics</a>
crime, that are unsolvable by other means. In some cases this type of
policing shares aspects with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage">espionage</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Despite popular conceptions
promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer
not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a
certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead
maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified
period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return to
patrol duties.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">] This is done in part based
upon the perception that the most important and essential police work
is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with
their beats, prevent crime by their presence, respond to crimes in
progress, manage crises, and practice their skills.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">]</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Detectives, by contrast, usually
investigate crimes after they have occurred and after patrol officers
have responded first to a situation. Investigations often take weeks
or months to complete, during which time detectives spend much of
their time away from the streets, in interviews and courtrooms, for
example. Rotating officers also promotes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-training">cross-training</a>
in a wider variety of skills, and serves to prevent "cliques"
that can contribute to corruption or other unethical behavior.</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Auxiliary</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police may also take on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_police">auxiliary</a>
administrative duties, such as issuing firearms licenses. The extent
that police have these functions varies among countries, with police
in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germany</a>,
and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe">continental
European</a> countries handling such tasks to a greater extent than
British counterparts.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-bayley-1979-49">[49]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Specialized units</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rakshak.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rakshak.JPG/220px-Rakshak.JPG" height="165" name="figura31" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rakshak.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura32" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks">2008
Mumbai attacks</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Police">Mumbai
Police</a> created specialized, quick response teams to deal with
terror threats.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Specialized preventive and
detective groups exist within many law enforcement organizations
either for dealing with particular types of crime, such as traffic
law enforcement and crash investigation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide">homicide</a>,
or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud">fraud</a>; or for
situations requiring specialized skills, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving">underwater
search</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation">aviation</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposal">explosive device
disposal</a> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_squad">bomb
squad</a>"), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime">computer
crime</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Most larger jurisdictions also
employ specially selected and trained quasi-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military">military</a>
units armed with military-grade weapons for the purposes of dealing
with particularly violent situations beyond the capability of a
patrol officer response, including high-risk warrant service and
barricaded suspects. In the United States these units go by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Special_Response_Units_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1">variety
of names</a>, but are commonly known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAT">SWAT</a>
(Special Weapons And Tactics) teams.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>-type
campaigns, select and specially trained units of police armed and
equipped as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_infantry">light
infantry</a> have been designated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_field_force">police
field forces</a> who perform <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>-type
patrols and ambushes whilst retaining their police powers in areas
that were highly dangerous.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-51">[51]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Because their situational mandate
typically focuses on removing innocent bystanders from dangerous
people and dangerous situations, not violent resolution, they are
often equipped with non-lethal tactical tools like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_agents">chemical
agents</a>, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashbangs">flashbang</a>"
and concussion grenades, and rubber bullets. The London Metropolitan
police's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_Firearms_Command">Specialist
Firearms Command</a> (CO19)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-52">[52]</a>
is a group of armed police used in dangerous situations including
hostage taking, armed robbery/assault and terrorism.</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Military police</h3>
<div class="western" lang="en">
Military police may refer to:</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">a
section of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military">military</a>
solely responsible for policing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces">armed
forces</a> (referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_%28military_police%29">provosts</a>)
</span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">a
section of the military responsible for policing in both the armed
forces and in the civilian population (most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie">gendarmeries</a>,
such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie">French
Gendarmerie</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy">Italian</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>
and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Republican_National_Guard">Portuguese
Republican National Guard</a> also known as GNR) </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">a
section of the military solely responsible for policing the civilian
population (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Gendarmerie">Romanian
Gendarmerie</a>) </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">the
civilian preventative police of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_state">Brazilian
state</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_%28Brazil%29">Policia
Militar</a>) </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
<span lang="en">an Special Military law
enforcement Service, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Military_Police">Russian
Military Police</a> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Religious police</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic">Islamic</a>
societies have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_police">religious
police</a>, who enforce the application of Islamic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law">Sharia
law</a>. Their authority may include the power to arrest unrelated
men and women caught socializing, anyone engaged in homosexual
behavior or prostitution; to enforce Islamic dress codes, and store
closures <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat">during Islamic
prayer time</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-asianews.it-53">[53]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-54">[54]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">They enforce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_dietary_laws">Muslim
dietary laws</a>, prohibit the consumption or sale of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage">alcoholic
beverages</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork">pork</a>,
and seize banned consumer products and media regarded as un-Islamic,
such as CDs/DVDs of various Western musical groups, television shows
and film.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-asianews.it-53">[53]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-54">[54]</a>
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaween">Mutaween</a>
actively prevent the practice or proselytizing of non-Islamic
religions within Saudi Arabia, where they are banned.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-asianews.it-53">[53]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-54">[54]</a></span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Varying jurisdictions</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police forces are usually
organized and funded by some level of government. The level of
government responsible for policing varies from place to place, and
may be at the national, regional or local level. In some places there
may be multiple police forces operating in the same area, with
different ones having <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>
according to the type of crime or other circumstances.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">For example in the UK, policing is
primarily the responsibility of a regional police force; however
specialist units exist at the national level. In the US, there is
typically a state police force, but crimes are usually handled by
local police forces that usually only cover a few municipalities.
National agencies, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI">FBI</a>,
only have jurisdiction over federal crimes or those with an
interstate component.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In addition to conventional urban
or regional police forces, there are other police forces with
specialized functions or jurisdiction. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United
States</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">federal</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government">government</a>
has a number of police forces with their own specialized
jurisdictions.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Some examples are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Federal_Protective_Service">Federal
Protective Service</a>, which patrols and protects government
buildings; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service">postal
police</a>, which protect postal buildings, vehicles and items; the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Park_Police">Park
Police</a>, which protect national parks, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Police">Amtrak
Police</a> which patrol <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak">Amtrak</a>
stations and trains.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">There are also some government
agencies that perform police functions in addition to other duties.
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard">U.S.
Coast Guard</a> carries out many police functions for boaters.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In major cities, there may be a
separate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_agency&action=edit&redlink=1">police
agency</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transit_system">public
transit systems</a>, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New
York City</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Police">Port
Authority Police</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_police">MTA
police</a>, or for major government functions, such as sanitation, or
environmental functions.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG/220px-RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG" height="165" name="figura33" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura34" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland">Police
Service of Northern Ireland</a> barracks in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland">Northern
Ireland</a>. The high walls are to protect against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29">mortar</a>
bomb attacks.</span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
International policing</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The terms international policing,
transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from
the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that
transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann,
1993),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-Nadelmann.2C_E._A._1993-55">[55]</a>
(Sheptycki, 1995).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-56">[56]</a>
These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for
policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. This
includes a variety of practices, but international police
cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies
working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to
weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received
the most scholarly attention.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Historical studies reveal that
policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police
missions for many years (Deflem, 2002).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-57">[57]</a>
For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing
agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns
about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. A notable
example of this was the occasional surveillance by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia">Prussian</a>
police of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</a>
during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of
public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of
political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated
in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol">Interpol</a>
before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War">Second
World War</a>. There are also many interesting examples of
cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police
forces that date back to the 19th century (Nadelmann, 1993).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-Nadelmann.2C_E._A._1993-55">[55]</a>
It has been established that modern policing has transgressed
national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It
is also generally agreed that in the post–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War">Cold
War</a> era this type of practice became more significant and
frequent (Sheptycki, 2000).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-58">[58]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Not a lot of empirical work on the
practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing
has been undertaken. A notable exception is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sheptycki">James
Sheptycki</a>'s study of police cooperation in the English Channel
region (2002),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-59">[59]</a>
which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange
files and a description of how these transnational information and
intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work. The
study showed that transnational police information sharing was
routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of
agreements directly between the police agencies and without any
formal agreement between the countries concerned. By 1992, with the
signing of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Treaty">Schengen
Treaty</a>, which formalized aspects of police information exchange
across the territory of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union">European
Union</a>, there were worries that much, if not all, of this
intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy
of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing
in Europe (Joubert and Bevers, 1996).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-60">[60]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Studies of this kind outside of
Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations,
but one small-scale study that compared transnational police
information and intelligence sharing practices at specific
cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low
visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a
common feature (Alain, 2001).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-61">[61]</a>
Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced
countries (Ratcliffe, 2007)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-Ratcliffe.2C_J._2007-62">[62]</a>
and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information
exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe,
2007).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-Ratcliffe.2C_J._2007-62">[62]</a>
James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information
technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and
suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen
that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in
transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that
transnational police information circuits help to "compose the
panic scenes of the security-control society".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-63">[63]</a>
The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to
produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police development-aid to weak,
failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing
that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing
plays an increasingly important role in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations">United
Nations</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a>
and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the
international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform
security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith
and Sheptycki, 2007)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-64">[64]</a>
With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power
between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about
the applicability and transportability of policing models between
jurisdictions (Hills, 2009).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-65">[65]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Perhaps the greatest question
regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in
whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question
translates into one about how to make transnational policing
institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-66">[66]</a>
For example, according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007
(Lloyd, et al. 2007) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category
(IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability
capabilities (p. 19).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-67">[67]</a>
As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on
transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and
one not open to civil society involvement.</span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Equipment</h2>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Weapons</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blindado-CORE.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blindado-CORE.JPG/220px-Blindado-CORE.JPG" height="276" name="figura35" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blindado-CORE.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura36" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Armored vehicle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORE_%28Brazil%29">CORE</a>,
SWAT unit within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Police_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_State">Civil
Police of Rio de Janeiro State</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In many jurisdictions, police
officers carry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm">firearms</a>,
primarily handguns, in the normal course of their duties. In the
United Kingdom (except <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland">Northern
Ireland</a>), Ireland, Norway, New Zealand, and Malta, with the
exception of specialist units, officers do not carry firearms as a
matter of course.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police often have specialist units
for handling armed offenders, and similar dangerous situations, and
can (depending on local laws), in some extreme circumstances, call on
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military">military</a>
(since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Power">Military
Aid to the Civil Power</a> is a role of many armed forces). Perhaps
the most high-profile example of this was, in 1980 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police">Metropolitan
Police</a> handing control of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_Siege">Iranian
Embassy Siege</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service">Special
Air Service</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">They can also be equipped with
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal_force">non-lethal</a>
(more accurately known as "less than lethal" or
"less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control">riot
control</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon">Non-lethal
weapons</a> include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_%28weapon%29">batons</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_gas">tear gas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agent">riot
control agents</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_bullet">rubber
bullets</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_shield">riot
shield</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cannons">water
cannons</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_weapon">electroshock
weapons</a>. Police officers often carry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handcuffs">handcuffs</a>
to restrain suspects. The use of firearms or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_force">deadly
force</a> is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary
to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil)
allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. A
"shoot-to-kill" policy was recently introduced in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa">South
Africa</a>, which allows police to use deadly force against any
person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-68">[68]</a>
With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime,
president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma">Jacob
Zuma</a> states that South Africa needs to handle crime differently
to other countries.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-69">[69]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Communications</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Modern police forces make
extensive use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio">radio</a>
communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in
vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help
quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced
the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of
calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be
completed in a matter of seconds, and updating the officer's daily
activity log and other required reports on a real-time basis. Other
common pieces of police equipment include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight">flashlights</a>/torches,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle">whistles</a>, and
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_notebook">police
notebooks</a> and "ticketbooks" or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons">citations</a>.</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Vehicles</h3>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">Main
article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_transportation">Police
transportation</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PictureCar.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PictureCar.jpg/220px-PictureCar.jpg" height="140" name="figura37" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PictureCar.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura38" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Crown_Victoria_Police_Interceptor">Ford
Crown Victoria</a>, one of the most recognizable models of American
police car. This unit belongs to Houston METRO Police</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Politiepolizei2.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Politiepolizei2.JPG/220px-Politiepolizei2.JPG" height="165" name="figura39" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Politiepolizei2.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura40" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western" lang="en">
German (green) and Dutch (blue/red)
police vehicles</div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police vehicles are used for
detaining, patrolling and transporting. The common Police patrol
vehicle is an improved four door <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29">sedan</a>
(saloon in British English). Police vehicles are usually marked with
appropriate logos and are equipped with sirens and lightbars to aid
in making others aware of police presence.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Unmarked vehicles are used
primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without
alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or
minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow
down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles
make it easier for officers to catch speeders and traffic violators.
This practice is controversial, with for example, New York State
banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered
motorists who might be pulled over by people <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonating_police_officers">impersonating
police officers</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-70">[70]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle">Motorcycles</a>
are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not
be able to reach, to control potential public order situations
involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where
the motorcycle policeman can quickly clear a path for the escorted
vehicle. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle">Bicycle</a>
patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more open
interaction with the public. In addition, their quieter operation can
facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing
them attempting to escape on foot.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en">
Police departments use an array of
specialty vehicles such as helicopters, airplanes, watercraft,
command posts, vans, trucks, all-terrain vehicles, motorcycles, and
SWAT armored vehicles.</div>
<h4 class="western" lang="en">
Other safety equipment</h4>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police cars may also contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher">fire
extinguishers</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-72">[72]</a>
or defibrillators.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-73">[73]</a></span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Strategies</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The advent of the police car,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radio">two-way radio</a>,
and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a
reactive strategy that focused on responding to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calls_for_service">calls
for service</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-74">[74]</a>
With this transformation, police command and control became more
centralized.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In the United States, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmer">August
Vollmer</a> introduced other reforms, including education
requirements for police officers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-75">[75]</a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Winfield_Wilson">O.W.
Wilson</a>, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruption">corruption</a>
and introduce professionalism in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas">Wichita,
Kansas</a>, and later in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department">Chicago
Police Department</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-cdlib-76">[76]</a>
Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from
community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption,
establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police
force, a strict <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_system">merit
system</a> for promotions within the department, and an aggressive
recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract
professionally qualified officers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-nytimes-1960-77">[77]</a>
During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies
concentrated on dealing with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony">felonies</a>
and other serious crime, rather than broader focus on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_prevention">crime
prevention</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-78">[78]</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police-antiemeute-p1000485.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Police-antiemeute-p1000485.jpg/220px-Police-antiemeute-p1000485.jpg" height="165" name="figura41" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police-antiemeute-p1000485.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura42" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Anti-riot armoured vehicle of the
police of the Canton of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaud">Vaud</a>
in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne">Lausanne</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_preventive_patrol_experiment">Kansas
City Preventive Patrol study</a> in the 1970s found this approach to
policing to be ineffective. Patrol officers in cars were disconnected
from the community, and had insufficient contact and interaction with
the community.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-79">[79]</a>
In the 1980s and 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policing">community
policing</a> strategies, and others adopted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing">problem-oriented
policing</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows">Broken
windows</a> policing was another, related approach introduced in the
1980s by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Q._Wilson">James
Q. Wilson</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Kelling">George
L. Kelling</a>, who suggested that police should pay greater
attention to minor "quality of life" offenses and
disorderly conduct. This method was first introduced and made popular
by New York City Mayor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani">Rudy
Giuliani</a>, in the early 1990s.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The concept behind this method is
simple: broken windows, graffiti, and other physical destruction or
degradation of property, greatly increases the chances of more
criminal activities and destruction of property. When criminals see
the abandoned vehicles, trash, and deplorable property, they assume
that authorities do not care and do not take active approaches to
correct problems in these areas. Therefore, correcting the small
problems prevents more serious criminal activity.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-80">[80]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Building upon these earlier
models, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence-led_policing">intelligence-led
policing</a> has emerged as the dominant philosophy guiding police
strategy. Intelligence-led policing and problem-oriented policing are
complementary strategies, both which involve systematic use of
information.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-81">[81]</a>
Although it still lacks a universally accepted definition, the crux
of intelligence-led policing is an emphasis on the collection and
analysis of information to guide police operations, rather than the
reverse.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-82">[82]</a></span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Power restrictions</h2>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">Main
article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_misconduct">Police
misconduct</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFP-ACTPol_truck-Scania_P94.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/AFP-ACTPol_truck-Scania_P94.jpg/220px-AFP-ACTPol_truck-Scania_P94.jpg" height="147" name="figura43" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFP-ACTPol_truck-Scania_P94.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura44" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Police">ACT
Police</a> truck in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra">Canberra</a>
Australia</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACTPol_markedVE-SSII.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ACTPol_markedVE-SSII.jpg/220px-ACTPol_markedVE-SSII.jpg" height="154" name="figura45" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACTPol_markedVE-SSII.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura46" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Traffic/highway patrol vehicle of
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Police">ACT
Police</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In many nations, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure">criminal
procedure</a> law has been developed to regulate officers'
discretion, so that they do not arbitrarily or unjustly exercise
their powers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest">arrest</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_seizure">search and
seizure</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force">use
of force</a>. In the United States, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona"><span lang="en"><i>Miranda
v. Arizona</i></span></a><span lang="en"> led to the widespread use
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_warning">Miranda
warnings</a> or constitutional warnings.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In </span><span lang="en"><i>Miranda</i></span><span lang="en">
the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements
made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may
not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from
questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has
been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of
action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of
procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's
privilege against self-incrimination"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-83">[83]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police in the United States are
also prohibited from holding criminal suspects for more than a
reasonable amount of time (usually 24–48 hours) before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment">arraignment</a>,
using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture">torture</a>,
abuse or physical threats to extract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_%28law%29">confessions</a>,
using excessive force to effect an arrest, and searching suspects'
bodies or their homes without a warrant obtained upon a showing of
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_cause">probable cause</a>.
The four exceptions to the constitutional requirement of a search
warrant are:</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Consent
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Search
incident to arrest
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Motor
vehicle searches
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" lang="en">
Exigent circumstances
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio">Terry
v. Ohio</a> (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_stop">investigatory stop</a>
and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop
a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally
necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the
intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself
and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of
weapons" (U.S. Supreme Court). Before Terry, every police
encounter constituted an arrest, giving the police officer the full
range of search authority. Search authority during a Terry stop
(investigatory stop) is limited to weapons only.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-83">[83]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Using deception for confessions is
permitted, but not coercion. There are exceptions or exigent
circumstances such as an articulated need to disarm a suspect or
searching a suspect who has already been arrested (Search Incident to
an Arrest). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act">Posse
Comitatus Act</a> severely restricts the use of the military for
police activity, giving added importance to police <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAT">SWAT</a>
units.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">British police officers are
governed by similar rules, such as those introduced to England and
Wales under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984">Police
and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> (PACE), but generally have greater
powers. They may, for example, legally search any suspect who has
been arrested, or their vehicles, home or business premises, without
a warrant, and may seize anything they find in a search as evidence.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en">
All police officers in the United
Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of
their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has
the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However,
certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain
aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search
of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an
officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a
suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.</div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
Conduct, accountability and public
confidence</h2>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">Main
article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_misconduct">Police
misconduct</a></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 642px;">
<colgroup><col width="55"></col>
<col width="579"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td width="55"><div class="western">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" height="39" name="figura47" width="50" /></span></a></div>
</td>
<td width="579"><div class="western">
This section <b>needs additional citations for
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.
Please help <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police&action=edit">improve
this article</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1">adding
citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(March 2009)</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ftaapolice.png"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ftaapolice.png/220px-Ftaapolice.png" height="147" name="figura48" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ftaapolice.png"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura49" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en">April
21, 2001: Police fire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_gas">CS
gas</a> at protesters during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_Summit_of_the_Americas">Quebec
City Summit of the Americas</a>.<br />The Commission for Public
Complaints against the RCMP later concluded the use of tear gas
against demonstrators at the summit constituted "excessive and
unjustified force".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-84">[84]</a></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crashed_2004_Ford_Crown_Victoria_PI.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Crashed_2004_Ford_Crown_Victoria_PI.jpg/220px-Crashed_2004_Ford_Crown_Victoria_PI.jpg" height="165" name="figura50" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crashed_2004_Ford_Crown_Victoria_PI.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura51" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Damaged 2004 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Police">Cincinnati
Police</a> units</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police services commonly include
units for investigating crimes committed by the police themselves.
These units are typically called Inspectorate-General, or in the US,
"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_%28law_enforcement%29">internal
affairs</a>". In some countries separate organizations outside
the police exist for such purposes, such as the British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission">Independent
Police Complaints Commission</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Likewise, some state and local
jurisdictions, for example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield,
Illinois</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-85">[85]</a>
have similar outside review organizations. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland">Police
Service of Northern Ireland</a> is investigated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Ombudsman_for_Northern_Ireland">Police
Ombudsman for Northern Ireland</a>, an external agency set up as a
result of the Patten report into policing the province. In the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland">Republic
of Ireland</a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na">Garda
Síochána</a> is investigated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_Ombudsman_Commission">Garda
Síochána Ombudsman Commission</a>, an independent commission that
replaced the Garda Complaints Board in May 2007.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit">Special
Investigations Unit</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario">Ontario</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada">Canada</a>, is one of
only a few civilian agencies around the world responsible for
investigating circumstances involving police and civilians that have
resulted in a death, serious injury, or allegations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault">sexual
assault</a>. The agency has made allegations of insufficient
cooperation from various police services hindering their
investigations.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-86">[86]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong">Hong
Kong</a>, any allegations of corruption within the police will be
investigated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_%28Hong_Kong%29">Independent
Commission Against Corruption</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Council">Independent
Police Complaints Council</a>, two agencies which are independent of
the police force. Due to a decline in the public confidence in law
enforcement, agencies have suggested body cameras should be worn by
police officers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-87">[87]</a></span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Use of force</h3>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police forces also find themselves
under criticism for their use of force, particularly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_force">deadly
force</a>. Specifically, tension increases when a police officer of
one ethnic group harms or kills a suspect of another one.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">] In the United States, such
events occasionally spark protests and accusations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism">racism</a>
against police and allegations that police departments practice
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling">racial
profiling</a>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In the United States since the
1960s, concern over such issues has increasingly weighed upon law
enforcement agencies, courts and legislatures at every level of
government. Incidents such as the 1965 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_Riots">Watts
Riots</a>, the videotaped 1991 beating by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department">Los
Angeles Police</a> officers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King">Rodney
King</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_Riot">riot</a>
following their acquittal have been suggested by some people to be
evidence that U.S. police are dangerously lacking in appropriate
controls.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trayvon_Martin_shooting_protest_2012_Shankbone_23.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Trayvon_Martin_shooting_protest_2012_Shankbone_23.JPG/220px-Trayvon_Martin_shooting_protest_2012_Shankbone_23.JPG" height="146" name="figura52" width="220" /></span></a>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trayvon_Martin_shooting_protest_2012_Shankbone_23.JPG"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="bottom" border="1" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" name="figura53" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">An officer forcibly moves a
protester in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">The fact that this trend has
occurred contemporaneously with the rise of the US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement">civil
rights movement</a>, the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs">War
on Drugs</a>", and a precipitous rise in violent crime from the
1960s to the 1990s has made questions surrounding the role,
administration and scope of police authority increasingly
complicated.[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">]</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Police departments and the local
governments that oversee them in some jurisdictions have attempted to
mitigate some of these issues through community <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreach">outreach</a>
programs and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policing">community
policing</a> to make the police more accessible to the concerns of
local communities, by working to increase hiring diversity, by
updating training of police in their responsibilities to the
community and under the law, and by increased oversight within the
department or by civilian commissions.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In cases in which such measures
have been lacking or absent, civil lawsuits have been brought by the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice">United
States Department of Justice</a> against local law enforcement
agencies, authorized under the 1994 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act">Violent
Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act</a>. This has compelled local
departments to make organizational changes, enter into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree">consent
decree</a> settlements to adopt such measures, and submit to
oversight by the Justice Department.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-88">[88]</a>[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span lang="en"><i>citation
needed</i></span></a><span lang="en">]</span></div>
<h3 class="western" lang="en">
Protection of individuals</h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 642px;">
<colgroup><col width="51"></col>
<col width="584"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td width="51"><div class="western">
<img align="bottom" alt="Globe icon." border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" height="40" name="figura54" width="48" /></div>
</td>
<td width="584"><div class="western">
The examples and perspective in this article
<b>may not represent a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias">worldwide
view</a> of the subject</b>. Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police&action=edit">improve
this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Police">talk
page</a>. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(July 2012)</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Since 1855, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme
Court of the United States</a> has consistently ruled that law
enforcement officers have no duty to protect any individual, despite
the motto "protect and serve". Their duty is to enforce the
law in general. The first such case was in 1855 (</span><cite><span lang="en">South
et al. v. State of Maryland</span></cite><span lang="en"><i>, <a href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar_case?case=15918309369607656613&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">U.S</a>
(Supreme Court of the United States 1855).</i></span><span lang="en">
) and the most recent in 2005 (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock_v._Gonzales"><span lang="en"><i>Town
of Castle Rock v. Gonzales</i></span></a><span lang="en">).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-89">[89]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In contrast, the police are
entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure
that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of
the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only
interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be
obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the
realization of the private right would be impeded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-90">[90]</a>
This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant
guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the
guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just
been stolen from the restaurant table.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In addition, there are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States">Federal
Law Enforcement agencies</a> in the United States whose mission
includes providing protection for executives such as the President
and accompanying family members, visiting foreign dignitaries, and
other high-ranking individuals.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-91">[91]</a>
Such agencies include The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service">United
States Secret Service</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Park_Police">United
States Park Police</a>.</span></div>
<h2 class="western" lang="en">
International forces</h2>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_by_country">Law
enforcement by country</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">In many countries, particularly
those with a federal system of government, there may be several
police or policelike organizations, each serving different levels of
government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law. The
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>
has a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement,
with over 17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-92">[92]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Some countries, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile">Chile</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>, the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines">Philippines</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">Austria</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa">South Africa</a>,
use a centralized system of policing.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-93">[93]</a>
Other countries have multiple police forces, but for the most part
their jurisdictions do not overlap. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United
States</a> however, several different law enforcement agencies may
have authority in a particular jurisdiction at the same time, each
with their own command.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Other countries where jurisdiction
of multiple police agencies overlap, include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Civil">Guardia
Civil</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_%28Spain%29">Policía
Nacional</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a>,
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato">Polizia
di Stato</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>
in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy">Italy</a> and the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Nationale">Police
Nationale</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie">National
Gendarmerie</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#cite_note-bayley-1979-49">[49]</a></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span lang="en">Most countries are members of the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpol">International
Criminal Police Organization</a> (Interpol), established to detect
and fight transnational crime and provide for international
co-operation and co-ordination of other police activities, such as
notifying relatives of the death of foreign nationals. Interpol does
not conduct investigations or arrests by itself, but only serves as a
central point for information on crime, suspects and criminals.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crime">Political
crimes</a> are excluded from its competencies.</span></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-7199407423074701312014-03-20T12:20:00.003-07:002014-06-24T14:25:59.412-07:00HISTOIRE DE LA POLICE<title></title>
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<h1 class="western" lang="fr-FR">
Histoire de la police</h1>
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</div>
<div class="western">
Valdemir Mota de Menezes<br />
<br /></div>
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<div class="western">
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div>
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<br />
<br /></div>
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<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Aller à : <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#mw-navigation">navigation</a>,
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<div dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text">
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-1"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">La
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>police</i></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">
est une invention de l'Antiquité qui s'est développée dans les
villes du Moyen Âge. En effet, si <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome">Rome</a>
disposait d'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A9narque">irénarques</a>
chargés de la surveillance des mœurs, de la discipline publique
et de l'arrestation des brigands<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-1">[1]</a>,
la « police » apparaît en Italie et dans la France
méridionale dans les villes qui ont conservé une municipalité.</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="toc">
<div class="western">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="toctitle">
<h2 class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Sommaire</span></h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Origines">1
Origines</a> </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Antiquit.C3.A9">1.1
Antiquité</a> </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Chine">1.1.1
Chine</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Mondes_m.C3.A9diterran.C3.A9ens">1.1.2
Mondes méditerranéens</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Moyen_.C3.82ge_et_Temps_modernes">1.2
Moyen Âge et Temps modernes</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Types_de_police">2
Types de police</a> </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Polices_urbaines">2.1
Polices urbaines</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Polices_militaires.2C_polices_des_polices">2.2
Polices militaires, polices des polices</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Polices_des_mers.2C_polices_internationales.2C_forces_d.27interposition">2.3
Polices des mers, polices internationales, forces
d'interposition</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Polices_nationales">2.4
Polices nationales</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Polices_politiques">2.5
Polices politiques</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Notes">3
Notes</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#Voir_aussi">4
Voir aussi</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Origines"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Origines[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=1">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=1">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h2>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Antiquit.C3.A9"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Antiquité[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=2">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=2">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<h4 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Chine"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Chine[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=3">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=3">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h4>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Le maintien des
lois dans la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Chine">Chine
antique</a> était dévolu à des « Préfets » durant
des millénaires. Le territoire chinois était ainsi divisé en
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture">préfectures</a>
dans les États de <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_%28%C3%89tat%29">Chu</a>
et <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_%28%C3%89tat%29">Jin</a>
de la </span></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_des_Printemps_et_des_Automnes"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>période
des Printemps et des Automnes</i></span></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">
(<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/-722">722</a> à <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/-481">481
av. J.-C.</a>). Ces fonctionnaires était nommés par le gouverneur
local, lui-même redevable à l'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_l%27empire_chinois">Empereur</a>.
Les préfets étaient un mélange d'administrateur civil et de
policiers qui rapportaient au magistrat local, comme à un juge
moderne, les délinquants pour jugement. Les préfets nommaient des
sous-préfets pour l'assister dans l'administration des lois et la
répression des crimes. Le concept de préfecture s'est
graduellement étendu aux cultures environnantes comme la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e">Corée</a>
et le <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon">Japon</a>. On
retrouve un exemple de cette structure dans le film </span></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_%28film,_2002%29"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Hero</i></span></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">
de 2002 où <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li">Jet Li</a>
joue le rôle d'un préfet.</span></span></div>
<h4 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Mondes_m.C3.A9diterran.C3.A9ens"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Mondes
méditerranéens[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=4">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=4">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h4>
<div class="western" lang="fr-FR">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Les premiers écrits
qui évoquent le principe d'une police dans son concept actuel sont
ceux du royaume de l'ancienne Égypte. Chaque province qui le
composait était gouvernée par un funiculaire dont une des tâches
était de faire respecter la loi.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-2"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Dans
la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique">Grèce
antique</a>, des esclaves de propriété publique sont utilisés
par les magistrats comme des policiers. À <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A8nes">Athènes</a>,
un groupe de 300 esclaves <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythes">scythes</a>
a pour vocation de maintenir l'ordre, contrôler les foules, mais
aussi de se charger des arrestations. Les autres fonctions de la
police actuelle, comme les enquêtes et investigations, sont sous
la charge des citoyens eux-mêmes<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-2">[2]</a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">L'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_romain">Empire
romain</a> dispose, jusqu'à son déclin, d'un système de maintien
de l'ordre relativement efficace, bien que jamais une réelle force
de police ne soit mise en place dans la cité de <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome">Rome</a>
elle-même. De nombreuses tactiques policières ont alors été
inspirées du système grec. Sous le règne d'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste">Auguste</a>,
(27 avant J.C. - 14 après J.C.), la capitale, atteignant presque
le million d'habitants, est divisée administrativement en 14
districts, protégés par 7 brigades de mille hommes. En cas de
nécessité, ceux-ci sont renforcés par la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_pr%C3%A9torienne">garde
prétorienne</a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">À partir du
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle">V</a></span></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle"><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"> siècle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
la police devient une fonction des chefs de clans et d'États.</span></span></div>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Moyen_.C3.82ge_et_Temps_modernes"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Moyen
Âge et Temps modernes[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=5">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=5">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<div class="western" lang="fr-FR">
<span style="font-size: medium;">En Angleterre la
première forme de police apparut au temps du roi Alfred le Grand
(876-899) avec les « tything » qui se composent de dix
policiers, sous les ordres d'un chef de police.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">En Allemagne, le
rôle des forces de police est déterminé au <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle">XV</a></span></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle"><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"> siècle</span></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
avant que ne soient édictées les trois lois impériales de la
police un siècle plus tard.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="fr-FR">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />En France ce sera
sous Louis XIV que Colbert créera la fonction de lieutenant de
Police. Une charge payée à la royauté et qui autorisera son
détenteur de contrôler les unités de mesure de la Capitale;
Paris. Avant de voir son champ de prérogative s'étendre avec les
années.</span></div>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Types_de_police"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Types
de police[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=6">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=6">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h2>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Polices_urbaines"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Polices
urbaines[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=7">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=7">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-3"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-4"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-5"></a>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">À <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris">Paris</a>,
en <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1254">1254</a>, est créé
le chevalier du guet, corps de 25 policiers montés<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-3">[3]</a>
chargés de surveiller la ville de nuit. Le dispositif sera adopté
par de nombreuses autres villes. En <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667">1667</a>,
un décret est soumis, par <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert">Colbert</a>,
au roi (<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_de_France">Louis
XIV</a>) : « La police consiste à assurer le repos du
public et des particuliers, à protéger la ville de ce qui peut
causer des désordres ». Le poste de <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_police">Lieutenant
général de police</a> est créé; néanmoins, la police alors,
qui assure à la fois des tâches <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration">administratives</a>
et <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaire">judiciaires</a>,
exerce une mission allant bien au-delà de ce que l'on entend
aujourd'hui par l'activité policière, relative à la prévention
et à la répression des délits et des crimes. À <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris">Paris</a>,
il faut attendre la création du « sixième bureau »,
chargé de la « sûreté active », en 1747-1748, pour
voir émerger la première force de police au sens moderne.
Celle-ci est chargée du contrôle des étrangers à la commune,
effectuant parfois des descentes dans les hôtels, auberges, et
chambres d'hôtes (lesquels doivent tenir un « registre des
logeurs »), afin de vérifier l'identité des personnes
hébergées<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-4">[4]</a>.
Cette surveillance s'effectue dans le cadre plus large de la lutte
contre le <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabondage">vagabondage</a>,
les miséreux et « gens sans aveu », ne pouvant
justifier de leur identité, étant enfermés à l'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral">Hôpital
général</a>. Après la Révolution, se met en place en France un
modèle de police urbaine qui correspond aux actuels "gardiens
de la paix"<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-5">[5]</a>.</span></span></div>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Polices_militaires.2C_polices_des_polices"></a>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Polices militaires, polices des
polices[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=8">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=8">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">En <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a>,
la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaut%C3%A9">royauté</a> du
XII</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">
et XIII</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">
siècles, verra la naissance de la </span></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><b>maréchaussée</b></span></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">,
ayant pour fonction de surveiller l'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e">armée</a>,
afin d'éviter que celle-ci ou ses <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9serteur">déserteurs</a>
ne <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillage">pillent</a> les
pays occupés ou traversés.</span></span></div>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Polices_des_mers.2C_polices_internationales.2C_forces_d.27interposition"></a>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Polices des mers, polices
internationales, forces d'interposition[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=9">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=9">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_Saint-Jean_de_J%C3%A9rusalem">Chevaliers
de Malte</a>, <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_du_Temple">Templiers</a>,</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Police
de la guerre, des prisonniers et des réfugiés : <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_rouge_internationale">Croix
rouge</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Police des
combats et de la guerre: <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque_bleu">Casques
bleus</a> </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Polices_nationales"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Polices
nationales[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=10">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=10">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">En <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789">1789</a>
disparaîtra la police monarchique - une garde nationale ayant
tenté de réprimer la Révolution. Dès 1790 seront créés une
cinquantaine de commissariats. En 1796, toutes les villes comptant
plus de 5 000 habitants comporteront désormais un
commissariat</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-6"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-7"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-8"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="cite_ref-9"></a>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">On cite souvent la </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>Marine
police force</i></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"> de
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres">Londres</a> et la
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i>City of Glasgow
police</i></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR"> en
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre">Angleterre</a>,
ainsi que la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture_de_police_de_Paris">préfecture
de Paris</a>, toutes créées vers 1800, comme étant les ancêtres
de l'organisation moderne de la police<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-6">[6]</a>,<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-7">[7]</a>,<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-8">[8]</a>.
À celles-ci s'ajoute la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service">Metropolitan
Police Service</a>, créée en 1829 et qui est la première qui
ajoute la prévention policière à son rôle de répression du
crime<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_police#cite_note-9">[9]</a>.
Les policiers sont connus sous plusieurs noms dont :
constables, <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a>,
officiers de paix, agent de police, <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tective">détectives</a>,
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A9rif">shérifs</a>,
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service">marshalls</a>,
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milice">militiens</a>.
L'organisation des forces de police varient grandement selon le
pays : de locales à nationales, de civiles à militaires.
Vers 1830 apparaissent les polices urbaines nommés sergent de
ville. Ils sont armés de sabre et surtout de leurs bâtons blancs.
Ils ont des uniformes blancs, qui leur confèrent une certaine
notoriété. Recrutés au nombre de 100 en 1829, ils deviennent des
Ilotiers vers la fin du second empire au nombre de 3000. La fin du
règne de Napoléon III rend insupportable le statut de Police. Il
faudra restaurer une image plus positive de la police. Le terme
d'ilotier est remplacé par celui de gardien de la paix. Ils sont
là pour défendre la sécurité de la population.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="fr-FR">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Le langage populaire
les appelle : les cognes, les vaches, à partir de la
révolution industrielle.</span></div>
<h3 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3343445442030722453" name="Polices_politiques"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Polices
politiques[<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&veaction=edit&section=11">modifier</a>
| <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_police&action=edit&section=11">modifier
le code</a>]</span></span></h3>
<div class="western" lang="fr-FR">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Parmi les polices
politiques apparues à la fin du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle et au XX<sup>e</sup>,
on peut distinguer :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
polices des monarchies dictatoriales : l'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhrana">Okhrana</a>
de la Russie tsariste, la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAVAK">SAVAK</a>
de l'Iran du Shah ; </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
polices des régimes fasciste , national-socialiste ou
conservateur : l'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVRA">OVRA</a>
en Italie, la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo">Gestapo</a>
en Allemagne, la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokk%C5%8D">Tokkō</a>
au Japon, la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIDE">PIDE</a>
au Portugal, </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
polices des dictatures staliniennes : le <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guepeou">Guepeou</a>
et le <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB">KGB</a> en URSS,
la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/STASI">STASI</a> en
Allemagne de l'Est, la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa">Służba
Bezpieczeństwa</a> en Pologne, la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitate">Securitate</a>
en Roumanie, l'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llamv%C3%A9delmi_Hat%C3%B3s%C3%A1g">Államvédelmi
Hatóság</a> en Hongrie ; </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">les
polices des dictatures d'Amérique Latine, souvent liées à des
escadrons de la mort et à l'armée : la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_nationale_du_renseignement">DINA</a>
au Chili sous la dictature d'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet">Augusto
Pinochet</a>, police fédérale argentine sous la dictature et
escadron de la mort <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_anticommuniste_argentine">Triple
A</a>... </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">la police
de la République islamique d'Iran : la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEVAK">VEVAK</a>.
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">Ces polices
politiques inventent des procédés nouveaux. Au début du XX</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">e</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-FR">
siècle, le colonel <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serguei_Zoubatov">Serguei
Zoubatov</a> perfectionne l'art de la provocation policière avec
la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoubatovchtchina">Zoubatovchtchina</a> :
il infiltre des agents provocateurs comme le pope <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapon">Gapon</a>,
au sein du mouvement ouvrier, allant jusqu'à créer des
organisations ouvrières prétendument « indépendantes »
pour contrer la progression des révolutionnaires.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-35146588104619442142014-03-11T12:44:00.002-07:002014-03-11T12:44:32.805-07:00 FIGHTING TRAFFICKING IN DRUGS - SCRIBE VALDEMIR <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/H5Q08hG4V-0" width="420"></iframe><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">FIGHTING TRAFFICKING IN DRUGS - SCRIBE VALDEMIR</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"> </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">In this video, the Scribe Valdemir Mota de Menezes appears next to the table where this being formalized the seizure of drugs and a large amount of money to. This sum of money was the result of selling drugs on a corner point of the suburb.</span>SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-57866896282044872782013-11-05T01:56:00.002-08:002013-11-05T01:57:11.990-08:00MULHERES TORTURADAS POR TRAFICANTES NO RJ - VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZESA falta de pulso firme dos governos em combater o crime, tem estimulado cenas bizarras como esta do video, onde os bandidos se acham os governantes e que suas vontades são as leis das comunidades carentes. O Brasil já perdeu mais de 10% do seu território para os criminosos, nestes locais prevalece a vontade dos bandidos, eles fazem ligações clandestinas de água e energia, não pagam IPTU e determina a lei do silêncio. Esta na hora do governo por ordem nas favelas e dizer quem manda mesmo no país. (Comentário do Escriba Valdemir Mota de Menezes)<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/OhHWoIgR4GQ" width="560"></iframe>SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-15352462263836677582013-08-09T07:23:00.004-07:002013-08-09T07:23:30.790-07:00MENINO MATOU A FAMÍLIA E SE MATOU EM SÃO PAULO<div class="MsoNormal">
TENHO CERTEZA: MENINO MATOU A FAMÍLIA E SE MATOU EM SÃO
PAULO</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rKDLa8DCukk/UgT7EGSAfLI/AAAAAAAABBE/vRxegK3DJkI/s1600/image.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rKDLa8DCukk/UgT7EGSAfLI/AAAAAAAABBE/vRxegK3DJkI/s320/image.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Estes dias o Brasil ficou espantado com a chacina de uma
familia. Menino Marcelo de 13 anos, filho de casal policial matou seus pais, a
avó e uma tia-avó. Minha experiência policial e as informações que analisei me
dão a certeza absoluta que foi o menino Marcelo que matou a familia e depois se
suicidou. As pessoas que não são do meio
policial, custam acreditar que o menino de 13 anos foi capaz de tamanha
atrocidade. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Todas as provas juntadas aos autos levam a um único
suspeito, o filho do casal. Não há outro suspeito, e outra possibilidade já não
é mais possível ser admitida. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As pessoas custam acreditar que foi o menino porque
desconhecem o submundo da mente humana. Nada é impossível para a mente humana.
As pessoas querem uma explicação que justifique o crime. Mas a mente psicopata
não precisa de justificativas plausíveis. O ser humano como espécie de ser vivo
é a única que nasce com o gene da maldade, alguns com menos potencial lesivo,
outros com um potencial incontrolável. Uns são capazes de esconder por quase
toda a vida os seus desejos mais insanos. Outros não conseguem esconder sua
inclinação para o mal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Como escrivão de Polícia por cerca de 12 anos, já cuidei de
milhares de inquéritos policiais e já interroguei e tomei depoimentos de
dezenas de milhares de pessoas. Esta experiência profissional já me deu Know-how
suficiente para entender varias nuances da mente criminosa e o comportamento de
familiares e amigos que se recusam a aceitar os crimes cometidos por parentes e
amigos. Poderia citar dezenas de provas que foi o menino Marcelo que matou sua
familia e se matou, mas só vou relacionar algumas, pois tenho outras coisas
para fazer.<o:p></o:p></div>
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1 - A casa não foi invadida por estranhos, não há sinais de
violação do lar.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2 - Quem vai matar usa sua própria arma, e a arma do crime
foi da mãe do Marcelo que é cabo da Policia Militar.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3 - Ninguém entra na casa de um sargento da Rota e de uma
esposa cabo do 18o Batalhão se não estiver armado até os dentes e com um grande
grupo de criminosos para garantir a execução do crime, ou pelo menos tentar.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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4 - As conversas do menino com os amigos, falando que queria
ser um assassino, mostra um caráter maligno, que muitas vezes os parentes são
os últimos a saber.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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5 - A conversa do menino com a professora logo após o crime
mostra a índole secreta que o Marcelo tinha.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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6 - O pai ensinou seu filho a atirar e a dirigir o carro. Imagens
de vídeo mostra que ele não dirigia tão bem, por falta de experiência.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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7 - O menino aperfeiçoou seus conhecimentos para executar o
assassinato em massa através das informações da internet.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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8 - Os games violentos servem de alimento para fortalecer tendências
psicológicas, saturando a mente com aquele anseio maligno.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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9 - O psicopata sexual como o psicopata assassino não
precisa de motivos para cometer seus crimes. O desejo que sentem em fazer o
malefício é um impulso quase incontrolável. Marcelo matou a família porque
aquilo lhe dava um prazer incomparável.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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10 - O menino matou do mais perigoso e resistente (seu pai)
aos mais frágeis (sua avó e tia-avó).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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11 - O quadro suicida e a postura do menino é compatível com
o suicídio. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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12 - Pericias no computador mostra que o menino Marcelo
estava pesquisando como dopar os adultos para facilitar a execução do crime.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13 - O vídeo que mostra o menino vivo de manhã, enquanto sua
familia estava morta, mostra que ele foi o executor da chacina e ao retornar da
escola, percebendo que sua vida não tinha mais sentido, resolveu suicidar-se, talvez
não teve tempo de deixar carta-testamento.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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14 - Marcelo contou com a competência por ter aprendido
táticas com os pais que eram policiais, ao mesmo tempo contou com sorte na
execução da chacina. Várias nuances poderiam ter estragado o seu plano. Mas
tudo saiu como planejado. Até para os mais experientes policiais, a possibilidade
de matar 5 pessoas com cinco tiros certeiros e fulminantes é uma probabilidade
difícil. Os projeteis acertaram os alvos no sistema nervoso com tal precisão
que não houve nem mesmo espasmos involuntários dos corpos alvejados.<o:p></o:p></div>
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15 – Não descarto ainda a influência diabólica que propiciou
este quadro trágico ao gosto do Diabo. Curiosamente varias fotos de família aparece
o menino fazendo sinal dos dedos chifrados. Símbolo satanista por demais
conhecido. <o:p></o:p></div>
SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-5290045609952117102013-07-05T06:49:00.003-07:002013-07-05T06:49:54.740-07:00JUSTIÇA NO BRASIL - MARIA AUGUSTA RAMOS<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/r8vaMUOHQNY" width="420"></iframe><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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JUSTIÇA
NO BRASIL - MARIA AUGUSTA RAMOS</div>
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Este documentário retrata o funcionamento do sistema
judiciário penal brasileiro, com suas falhas e imperfeições. O caso do
deficiente físico acusado pela policia de ter participado de um roubo, ainda
que aparentemente pareça um absurdo, as pessoas devem ter em conta que ladrões
e traficantes costumam usar pessoas que não despertam suspeitas, estas pessoas
exercem funções secundarias no crime, como aquilo que costumamos chamar na
linguagem policial de “olheiros”. (Comentário do Escriba Valdemir Mota de
Menezes)</div>
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SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-8632060520327755662013-05-17T14:55:00.001-07:002013-05-17T14:55:04.674-07:00VERDADES SOBRE O PASTOR MARCOS PEREIRA – PARTE II<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">VERDADES SOBRE O PASTOR MARCOS PEREIRA – PARTE II</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Por Valdemir Mota de Menezes, o Escriba</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">OS PRESOS CAINDO COM A ORAÇÃO DO PASTOR</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Hoje
falarei sobre a tal “unção do sono”. Amigos, o próprio Jesus advertiu
que erramos por não conhecer as ESCRITURAS E O PODER DE DEUS.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Pessoas cairem desmaiadas, ou em sono quando se manifesta o poder de Deus é Bíblico??????</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span class="text_exposed_show" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Gente
o poder de Deus não tem limites.... Jesus disse que quem cresse nele
faria o que ele fez e obras ainda maiores porque Jesus iria para o Pai.<br /><br />Na
verdade, na verdade vos digo que aquele que crê em mim também fará as
obras que eu faço, e as fará maiores do que estas, porque eu vou para
meu Pai. (João 14.12)<br /><br />Lembremos que na noite que Jesus foi preso
quando perguntaram a Jesus se ele era mesmo Jesus, o Senhor respondeu:
“Eu sou” e naquele instante todos os que estavam com Judas cairam para
trás.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Quando Jesus disse, Sou eu, todos caíram para trás. Uma vez mais lhes perguntou: Quem procuram? Jesus de Nazaré. (João 18.6-7)<br /><br />Podemos
ainda achar nas Escrituras outras passagens que mostram que o poder de
Deus se manifestando pode se evidenciar com coisas estranhas como esta
tal “unção do sono” que os pobres cristãos carnais desconhecem. Quem só é
batizado na água e não é batizado no fogo, ainda é meio cristão....<br /><br />Vejamos
o caso da criação da mulher. Deus para fazer a mulher, fez Adão CAIR EM
UM SONO e retirou-lhe a costela e dela fez a mulher:<br /><br />Então Javé
Deus fez cair um sono pesado sobre Adão, e este adormeceu; e tomou uma
das suas costelas, e cerrou a carne em seu lugar; E da costela que Javé
Deus tomou do homem, formou uma mulher, e trouxe-a a Adão. (Gênesis
2.21-22)<br /><br />Que diremos pois, do caso de Davi e do sono que Deus provocou nos seus oponentes:<br />Tomou,
pois, Davi a lança e a bilha de água, da cabeceira de Saul, e foram-se;
e ninguém houve que o visse, nem que o advertisse, nem que acordasse;
porque todos estavam dormindo, porque da parte do Javé havia caído sobre
eles um profundo sono. (I Samuel 26.12)<br /><br />Antes Deus fala uma e
duas vezes; porém ninguém atenta para isso. Em sonho ou em visão
noturna, quando cai sono profundo sobre os homens, e adormecem na cama.
Então o revela ao ouvido dos homens, e lhes sela a sua instrução, (Jó
33.14-15)<br /><br />Ainda podemos falar do profeta Daniel que diante da presença do anjo do Senhor caiu em profundo sono.<br /><br />Fiquei,
pois, eu só, a contemplar esta grande visão, e não ficou força em mim;
transmudou-se o meu semblante em corrupção, e não tive força alguma.
Contudo ouvi a voz das suas palavras; e, ouvindo o som das suas
palavras, eu caí sobre o meu rosto num profundo sono, com o meu rosto em
terra. (Daniel 10.8-9)<br /><br />Sinceramente faltaria espaço aqui para
que eu aprofundasse o estudo e o tratado teológico sobre este poder
sobrenatural que produz sono. Esta força espiritual pode provir de Deus,
do Diabo (transe possessivo) e do espírito do homem (hipnose).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />As pessoas que não conhecem as Escrituras são como bestas irracionais, que falam mal do que não conhecem<br /><br />Mas
estes, como animais irracionais, que seguem a natureza, feitos para
serem presos e mortos, blasfemando do que não entendem, perecerão na sua
corrupção, (II Pedro 2.12)<br /><br />Amigos, quem não sabe orar xinga a
Deus. Antes de dar opinião sobre qualquer coisa é melhor dizer que não
tem opinião, que estudará o caso. Mas infelizmente o tolo quer ter
resposta para tudo na ponta da língua e ai peca com a boca. Até o tolo
calado é reputado como sábio. Quem fala muito e sem conhecimento de
causa, logo todos percebem que é um tolo ou um ímpio.<br /><br />Depois de
dar um pincelada nas Escrituras sobre o tal sono que sobrevem sobre
pessoas acometidas pelo poder sobrenatural, passemos agora ao que Jesus
disse: Vocês erram por também não conhecerem o poder de Deus.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Amigos,
desde os meus 15 anos que leio a Bíblia e com 18 anos já estava na
faculdade de Teologia que cursei todos os dias por quatro anos. Até hoje
leio a Bíblia todos os dias, mas quero dizer-lhe que Deus não quer
teólogos, Deus quer servos consagrados, santos, apartados do mundo de
pecado. Para Deus é irrelevante sua formação cultural e intelectual. É
preciso comunhão com Deus, e só estudar a Bíblia não gera esta comunhão,
é preciso obedecer a Palavra e se encher do Espirito Santo através da
oração e do jejum.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />O
pastor Marcos Pereira e a sua Igreja Assembleia de Deus da Última Hora é
um ministério que preza a santidade e inimizade contra o sistema do
mundo com os seus costumes e vícios. Eles são humanos e sujeitos a
cairem em pecado, o fato de pregarem a santidade, não os tornam imunes
ao mal.<br /><br />Pode até ser que o pastor Marcos Pereira caiu em pecado e
em siladas do malígno, ainda aguardo mais evidências para emitir meu
juizo (pois com a medida que eu medir serei medido), todavia o poder de
Deus se manifestando através do pastor Marcos Pereira é genuino, disso
eu posso garantir, mesmo que ele estivesse em pecado. O apóstolo Pedro
disse logo após ter feito um paralítico andar, que aquele milagre não
foi realizado por causa da santidade dele:<br /><br />E quando Pedro viu
isto, disse ao povo: Homens israelitas, por que vos maravilhais disto?
Ou, por que olhais tanto para nós, como se por nossa própria virtude ou
santidade fizéssemos andar este homem? (Atos 3.12)<br /><br />Se Deus não
ussasse homens que pecam, não haveria nenhum milagre nas igrejas.
Milagres estão relacionados com fé não com santidade. Muitos dos mais
poderosos pregadores pentecostais podem ficar de fora do reino dos ceus
se suas vidas íntimas estiverem repletas de iniquidades, como disse
Jesus:<br /><br />“Nem todo o que me diz: Senhor, Senhor! entrará no reino
dos céus, mas aquele que faz a vontade de meu Pai, que está nos céus.
Muitos me dirão naquele dia: Senhor, Senhor, não profetizamos nós em teu
nome? e em teu nome não expulsamos demônios? e em teu nome não fizemos
muitas maravilhas? E então lhes direi abertamente: Nunca vos conheci;
apartai-vos de mim, vós que praticais a iniqüidade.” (Mateus 7.21-22)<br /><br />Fé e poder se relacionam, obediência a vontade de Deus se relaciona com a salvação e a entrada no reino dos céus.<br /><br />Estes
cristãos que apenas professam crenças bíblicas estão por fora do PODER
DE DEUS. Permitam-me testemunhar a favor do pastor Marcos Pereira
contando algumas das centenas de experiências sobrenaturais que tive.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Desde
os 15 anos que tive uma vida consagrada a Deus em oração e jejum.
Durante minha vida, hoje com 44 anos já fui cerca de mil vezes fazer
vigílias em montes (hoje tenho um monte particular onde oro). Estas
experiências inclui a maior delas, ocorrida em novembro de 1985 quando
por mais de uma hora e meia meu espírito saiu do meu corpo e fiquei
diante do trono de Deus, vendo Deus, esta é uma longa história. Se você
não acredita na unção na vida do pastor Marcos Pereira também não
acredite em mim.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Outra
experiência muito marcante na minha vida aconteceu na cidade de Melo,
no Uruguai, em 1990. Após passar um dia inteiro trancado em uma igreja
chamada Iglesia Evangelica Cristiana orando em jejuando, para Deus
manifestar o seu poder naquela igreja a noite, o pastor local, um
colombiano havia falado com a direção da Missão WEC (World Evangelism
Center) para não me colocar mais como pregador, somente como tradutor,
porque ele não gostava do meu estilo pentecostal. Naquela noite fiquei
sabendo que eu não iria mais pregar, que um missionário de Campinas da
igreja Nazareno iria pregar no meu lugar. Tive que ficar sentado no
banco durante o culto, mas eu dizia ao Senhor: dediquei o dia todo
consagrado a ti, e não será em vão.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Pois
não é que o tal missionário Nazareno leu o capítulo dois de Atos e
depois disse: Estou sentido de Deus de chamar o irmão Valdemir para
fazer uma oração. O missionário nem pregou???? Eu fui em direção ao
púlpito orando em pensamento e dizia: Deus eu não vou abrir a boca, só
vou levantar a mão, o que o Senhor tiver que fazer, faça....<br /><br />Irmãos,
queridos irmãos.....eu não tenho necessidade alguma de mentir... Eu
vivi outro momento sublime da minha vida. Quando levantei a mão, uma
surpresa, aquela igreja tradicional, sem fogo pentecostal, que vivia nos
costumes e modas do mundo tomou um descarga tão grande do poder de Deus
quando levantei somente uma mão para o alto e a igreja se dividiu em
três grupos. Os “crentinhos” tradicionais que cairam no chão
endemoninhados e rosnando como bestas feras, os cristãso sem intimidades
com o PODER que sairam correndo em direção a rua, e os demais que
ajudam a segurar as pessoas caidas ao solo e tentavam expulsar os
demônios dos “tradicionais” e dos não crentes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Imediatamente
uma Diretora da missão se dirigiu para mim e disse: Você que criou esta
bagunda trate de consertar. Eu retruquei e disse que eu não coloquei
demônio em ninguém, eles já estavam nas pessoas, e o PODER de Deus é
como uma espora no lombo do cavalo que come mansamente na relva, e com a
dor da agulhada sai disparado, da mesma forma os demônios pode habitar
por décadas em certas pessoas e só se manifestam se tomam uma descarga
de poder. Eu me sentei e não fiz nada, o pastor tradicional veio brigar
comigo e eu disse expulse você mesmo os demônios dos seus membros. Isso é
só uma demonstração da verdadeira condição da sua igreja.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Aos
poucos e mais de meia hora depois, as coisas voltaram ao normal e não
houve mais culto aquela noite. Assim fui formando a imensa fila de
pessoas que não gostam de mim ao longo da vida.<br /><br />As experiêncis do
pastor Marcos Pereira que eu coleciono em meus canais de videos, as
dezenas de videos que eu vi, são autênticos, isso eu posso garantir, não
há nenhuma forma de manipulação ou apresentação teatral.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Convoco
a todos a orarem pelo pastor Marcos Pereira, se pecou que pague pelos
seus erros, se alguém foi vitima dele que seja consolada por Deus, e que
os falsos acusadores recebam o justo juizo do Pai Celestial.</span>SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-10097191432516167612013-05-09T07:30:00.002-07:002013-05-09T08:38:31.161-07:00VERDADES SOBRE O PASTOR MARCOS PEREIRA<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
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Ontem, dia 08 de maio de 2013 recebi uma ligação telefônica da minha esposa falando sobre a prisão do pastor Marcos Pereira, do Rio de Janeiro. Logo passei a ler na internet as notícias que estão circulando sobre sua prisão e as acusações que estão sendo feitas contra ele. </div>
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Antes de falar o que penso, quero que saiba que eu tenho um certo conhecimento de causa, e tenho um pouco de instrução, Sou barachel de teologia, formado em Gestão Empresarial pela Unimonte e possuo licenciatura em História e Ciências Biológicas pela Unimes, comunico-me em 5 idiomas (português, espanhol, francês, italiano e inglês), já<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pastoreei igreja por muitos anos, fui missionário no Uruguai e por mais de uma década sou escrivão de polícia judiciária de São Paulo. Permitam-se falar algumas verdades.</div>
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Tenho visto o mundo vociferando maldições e julgamento contra o pastor Marcos Pereira, mas o que me choca é ver cristãos quase comemorando o escândalo envolvendo Marcos Pereira. Como escrivão de polícia, diga-se de passagem, é a função mais completa da polícia, quase não aparece na mídia, mas 95% dos procedimentos policiais que se transforma em processo criminal sai na mesa do escrivão de polícia. Se tem uma coisa que eu sei é como é feito um INQUÉRITO POLICIAL. </div>
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Se o caso fosse no Estado de São Paulo eu iria medir mais as palavras por questão de hierarquia, mas quero que as pessoas saibam que existem muitos Delegados de Polícia que querem aparecer mais na mídia do que ator de novela e do que Ronaldinho fenômeno.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Este delegado Marcos Mendonça da delegacia de combate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as drogas está trazendo à tona, muitos boatos, acusações sem provas materiais do envolvimento do pastor com homicídio, trafico de drogas e estupros. </div>
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Prova testemunhal é a mais prostituta das provas, já dizem os advogados, eu já tomei o depoimento de milhares de pessoas e sei bem da capacidade da maldade humana em destruir a imagem e a dignidade de outra fazendo falsas acusações. Costumo falar que Delegacia e Fórum são os lugares oficiais aonde as pessoas vão para mentirem. Como o ser humano mente....</div>
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Pode até ser que o Pastor Marcos Pereira esteja mentindo, negando o crime, tem criminoso que você mostra a imagem dele no vídeo e ele ainda nega ser ele que aparece ali.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mas acho errado este massacre midiático patrocinado pelo Delegado Marcos Mendonça ao dizer que segundo boatos se guardava armas na igreja, ou querem associar o pastor Marcos Pereira com traficantes, dizendo que tem provas que ele visitou Marcinho VP. O ministério carcerário e com população marginalizada é esta a função, visitar presos.</div>
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Para fazer este meu comentário sobre o Pastor Marcos Pereira eu li muitas notícias e peguei uma delas e coloquei o link abaixo, façam o favor de ler na integra este artigo jornalístico.</div>
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<a href="http://www.jb.com.br/rio/noticias/2013/05/08/policia-investiga-pelo-menos-20-estupros-em-igreja-evangelica-de-marcos-pereira/">http://www.jb.com.br/rio/noticias/2013/05/08/policia-investiga-pelo-menos-20-estupros-em-igreja-evangelica-de-marcos-pereira/</a></div>
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As pessoas que tem olho clínico com formação em Direito, percebe que o Delegado não está até o momento apresentando uma prova cabal, ou difícil de refutar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Se o pastor Marcos Pereira matou alguém, quem são as vítimas? Onde, como, quando ocorreram os crimes? Quais as armas usadas? Quais as provas colhidas da participação do pastor Marcos Pereira?</div>
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Sinceramente duvido da forma como o Delegado está conduzindo as investigações. Quando o delegado fala que as conversões eram encenações combinadas com traficantes, eu tenho a absoluta certeza que ele ou não sabe o que está falando, ou pior ainda tem segundas intenções....</div>
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Gente, eu não posso falar tudo sobre como funciona a nossa sociedade, nem a Polícia.... Mas de vez em quando estoura na impressa escândalos de policiais extorquindo bandidos ou supostos bandidos sob pena de incrimina-los e pô-los atrás das grades caso não pague a quantia estipulada. Não estou acusando o Delegado Marcos Mendonça (Men+onça?), mas o trabalho do pastor Marcos Pereira o tornava um alvo fácil de ser vítima de extorção de policiais. A proximidade e o respeito que o pastor tinha com os bandidos, o tornava um alvo fácil de policiais corruptos. </div>
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Vocês não sabem quantos comandantes e Delegados de alto posto são membros de sociedades secretas e maçonaria.... Eu sei.... Quando o pastor Marcos Pereira começou a aparecer muito na mídia, eu previa que ele seria alvo de olhos invejosos. Minha experiência profissional me dá razões de sobras para crer em um complô contra o pastor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mas se eu encontrasse o Delegado Marcos Mendonça pediria o máximo de empenho para produzir provas técnicas e acima de tudo PROVAS VERDADEIRAS. </div>
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Forjar provas contra pessoas que não aceitaram pagar uma extorção é corriqueiro no mundo e na história e na polícia. Na minha vida já vi muita coisa que prefiro não falar para não responder mais processos. Por falar em processos, já respondi muitos processos e alguns processos criminais, dois Delegados me acusaram falsamente que por pouco não conseguiram colocar-me na cadeia, só que eu também sou policial e fiz minhas investigações e com o pouco conhecimento jurídico que tenho fiz boa parte das peças da minha defesa. Depois de sete anos sendo processado em esfera criminal e administrativa, fui absolvido de tudo e um destes delegados foi demitido da Polícia.</div>
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Eu amo a Polícia, mas tem muita gente mal intencionada no nosso meio.</div>
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Peço aos verdadeiros cristãos que não se precipitem em julgar o pastor Marcos Pereira, pode até ser que ele tenha adulterado e feito uma ou outra coisa errada, mas boa parte destas acusações tem cheiro de perseguição.</div>
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Amanhã farei um jejum e consagrarei o dia em oração pelo Pastor Marcos Pereira. Se ele pecou que se arrependa. Se estiver sendo perseguido, glória seja dada ao nome de Deus. Se alguma mulher foi violentada que Deus faça a sua justiça. Por enquanto, seremos sábios em orar, pedindo a Deus que a verdade se manifeste e aguardemos sem julgamento precipitado.</div>
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Se o pastor pecou Deus é grande para perdoa-lo, se ele se arrepender, da mesma forma que Deus perdoou Davi e Jimmy Swaggart na década de 1980 e o maior pecador da Bíblia, o Rei Davi ( O homem segundo o coração de Deus) que sempre se arrependia.</div>
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De qualquer forma quero dizer que o pastor Marcos Pereira foi o homem mais corajoso que já vi passar na terra., pelas milhares de vida que ele foi resgatar nos antros do crime no Rio de Janeiro. Quando houve uma mega-rebelião no presídio da Polinter no Rio de Janeiro, durante dias a polícia não conseguiu controlar os detentos. O pastor Marcos Pereira foi chamado e ele quando entrou no sistema prisional, tirou o terno e começou a girar no ar, e centenas de detentos caíram ao solo desmaiados. Aquela cena passou no Fantástico da Rede Globo de TV, aquela foi a maior manifestação do poder de Deus que eu já vi. O pastor Marcos Pereira não estava em uma igreja cheia de cordeirinhos, mas no inferno, cheio de demônios, e eu vi todos os “bichos” da sociedade cairem por terra. Agora me vem o Delegado Men-d-onça dizer que tudo aquilo foi combinado???????</div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Bem-aventurados sois vós, quando vos injuriarem e perseguirem e, mentindo, disserem todo o mal contra vós por minha causa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Exultai e alegrai-vos, porque é grande o vosso galardão nos céus; porque assim perseguiram os profetas que foram antes de vós<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Mateus 5:11-12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-9747890958074045032011-07-10T04:32:00.000-07:002011-07-10T05:52:49.390-07:00CRIMINOLOGIA - DEFINIÇÃOO escriba Valdemir Mota de Menezes leu esta matéria no site:<br /><br /><br />Ballone GJ - Criminologia - in. PsiqWeb, Internet, disponível em <http://gballone.sites.uol.com.br/forense/crimologia.html> revisto em 2003<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CRIMINOLOGIA <br />A criminologia é uma ciência empírica que se ocupa do crime, do delinqüente, da vítima e do controle social do delitos. Baseia-se na observação, nos fatos e na prática, mais que em opiniões e argumentos, é interdisciplinar e, por sua vez, formada por outra série de ciências e disciplinas, tais como a biologia, a psicopatologia, a sociologia, política, etc.<br />Quando nasceu, a criminologia tratava de explicar a origem da delinqüência, utilizando o método das ciências, o esquema causal e explicativo, ou seja, buscava a causa do efeito produzido. Pensou-se que erradicando a causa se eliminaria o efeito, como se fosse suficiente fechar as maternidades para o controle da natalidade.<br />Academicamente a Criminologia começa com a publicação da obra de Cesare Lombroso chamad "L'Uomo Delinquente", em 1876. Sua tese principal era a do delinqüente nato.<br />Já existiram várias tendências causais na criminologia. Baseado em Rousseau, a criminologia deveria procurar a causa do delito na sociedade, baseado em Lombroso, para erradicar o delito deveríamos encontrar a eventual causa no próprio delinqüente e não no meio. Um extremo que procura as causas de toda criminalidade na sociedade e o outro, organicista, investigava o arquétipo do criminoso nato (um delinqüente com determinados traços morfológicos)... (Veja Rousseau, Personalidade Criminosa)<br />Isoladamente, tanto as tendências sociológicas, quanto as orgânicas fracassaram. Hoje em dia fala-se no elemento bio-psico-social. Volta a tomar força os estudos de endocrinologia, que associam a agressividade do delinqüente à testosterona (hormônio masculino), os estudos de genética ao tentar identificar no genoma humano um possível "gene da criminalidade", juntamente com os transtornos da violência urbana, de guerra, da fome, etc.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4C3KxxeN7_E/ThmdAJ7bxCI/AAAAAAAAAjE/fvgl7MwRMTA/s1600/resumo%2Bde%2Bcriminologia%2B3a%2Bed%2B2008.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 302px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4C3KxxeN7_E/ThmdAJ7bxCI/AAAAAAAAAjE/fvgl7MwRMTA/s320/resumo%2Bde%2Bcriminologia%2B3a%2Bed%2B2008.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627701835366908962" /></a><br /><br /><br />De qualquer forma, a criminologia transita pelas teorias que buscam analisar o crime, a criminalidade, o criminoso e a vítima. Passa pela sociologia, pela psicopatologia, psicologia, religião (nos casos de crimes satânicos), antropologia, política, enfim, a criminologia habita o universo da ação humana. A nós interessará a criminologia que diz respeito à psiquiatria.<br />Tipos Característicos<br />Alguns tipos especiais de assassinos e de crimes puderam ser classificados ao longo da história forense, os quais agrupamos nos seguintes tópicos:<br />1 - CRIMES SERIAIS<br />1.a - Assassinos Seriais<br />1.b - Assassinos Sexuais Seriais<br />1.c - Delito Sexual e Parafilia<br />1.c - Assassinos Sádicos<br />2 - CRIMES ESOTÉRICOS E SATÂNICOS<br />2.a - Personalidade Múltipla e Crimes Esotéricos<br />2.b - Rock e Crimes Esotéricos<br />2.c - Seitas, Crenças e Crimes Esotéricos<br />3 - CRIMES VAMPÍRICOS E LICANTROPIA<br />3.a - Quem e como é o Lobisomem <br />Como em outras ciências, também em criminologia se tem tentado eliminar o conceito de "causa", substituindo-o pela idéia de "fator". Isso implica no reconhecimento de não apenas uma causa mas, sobretudo, de fatores que possam desencadear o efeito criminoso (fatores biológicos, psíquicos, sociais...). Uma das funções principais da criminologia é estabelecer uma relação estreita entre três disciplinas consideradas fundamentais: a psicopatologia, o direito penal e a ciência político-criminal.<br />Outra atribuição da criminologia é, por exemplo, elaborar uma série de teorias e hipóteses sobre as razões para o aumento de um determinado delito. Os criminólogos se encarregam de dar esse tipo de informação a quem elabora a política criminal, os quais, por sua vez, idealizarão soluções, proporão leis, etc. Esta última etapa se faz através do direito penal. Posteriormente, outra vez mais o criminólogo avaliará o impacto produzido por essa nova lei na criminalidade.<br />Interessam ao criminólogo as causas e os motivos para o fato delituoso. Normalmente ele procura fazer um diagnóstico do crime e uma tipologia do criminoso, assim como uma classificação do delito cometido. Essas causas e motivos abrangem desde avaliação do entorno prévio ao crime, os antecedentes vivenciais e emocionais do delinqüente, até a motivação pragmática para o crime.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ftMUTmOGoI8/Thmc-ofSNrI/AAAAAAAAAi8/L1quFL5sUBQ/s1600/criminologia_psicologia_criminal.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 297px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ftMUTmOGoI8/Thmc-ofSNrI/AAAAAAAAAi8/L1quFL5sUBQ/s320/criminologia_psicologia_criminal.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627701809210603186" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />ASSASSINOS EM SÉRIE<br />Os Assassinos em Série (serial killers) são um capítulo à parte na criminologia e uma dificuldade para a psiquiatria, uma vez que não se encaixam em nenhuma linha do pensamento específica. Esses casos desafiam a psiquiatria e acabam virando um duelo entre promotoria e defesa sobre a dúvida de ser, o criminoso, louco, meio louco, normal, anormal, etc. Do ponto de vista criminológico, quando um assassino reincide em seus crimes como mínimo em três ocasiões e com um certo intervalo de tempo entre cada um, é conhecido como assassino em série. <br />A diferença do assassino em massa, que mata a várias pessoas de uma só vez e sem se preocupar pela identidade destas, o assassino em série elege cuidadosamente suas vítimas selecionando a maioria das vezes pessoas do mesmo tipo e características. Aliás, o ponto mais importante para o diagnóstico de um assassino em série é um padrão geralmente bem definido no modo como ele lida com seu crime. Com freqüência eles matam seguindo um determinado padrão, seja através de uma determinada seleção da vítima ou de um grupo social com características definidas, como p. ex. as prostitutas, homossexuais, policiais, etc. <br />As análises dos perfis de personalidade estabelecem, como estereotipo dos Assassinos em Série (evidentemente aceitando-se muitas exceções), homens jovens, de raça branca, que atacam preferentemente as mulheres, e que seu primeiro crime foi cometido antes dos 30 anos. Alguns têm sofrido uma infância traumática, devida a maus tratos físicos ou psíquicos, motivo pelo qual têm tendência a isolar-se da sociedade e/ou vingar-se dela.<br />Estas frustrações, ainda segundo análises de estereótipos, introduzem os Assassinos em Série num mundo imaginário, melhor que seu real, onde ele revive os abusos sofridos identificando-se, desta vez com o agressor. Por esta razão, sua forma de matar pode ser de contacto direto com a vítima: utiliza armas brancas, estrangula ou golpeia, quase nunca usa arma de fogo. Seus crimes obedecem uma espécie de ritual onde se misturam fantasias pessoais com a morte.<br />A análise do desenvolvimento da personalidade desses assassinos seriais geralmente denunciam alguma anormalidade importante (veja Transtornos de Conduta). Atos violentos contra animais, por exemplo, têm sido reconhecidos como indicadores de uma psicopatologia que não se limita a estas criaturas. Segundo o cientista humanitário Albert Schweitzer, "quem quer que tenha se acostumado a desvalorizar qualquer forma de vida corre o risco de considerar que vidas humanas também não têm importância". <br />Também Robert K. Resler, que desenvolveu perfis de Assassinos em Série para o FBI, "assassinos freqüentemente começam por matar e torturar animais quando crianças". Estudos têm agora convencido que atos de crueldade contra animais podem ser o primeiro sinal de uma patologia violenta que poderá incluir, no futuro, seres humanos.<br /><br />A eventual insanidade, freqüentemente alegada na tentativa de absolver o Assassino Serial, quase nunca é constatada de fato pela psiquiatria pois, o fato do assassino ser portador de algum transtorno de personalidade ou parafilia não faz dele um alienado mental. <br />Quando capturados costumam simular insanidade, alegando múltiplas personalidades, esquizofrenia ou qualquer coisa que o exima de responsabilidades mas, na realidade, aproximadamente apenas 5% dos Assassinos em Série podem ser considerados mentalmente doentes no momento de seus crimes.<br />Para facilitar o entendimento, academicamente podemos dizer que o Assassino Serial psicótico atuaria em conseqüência de seus delírios e sem crítica do que está fazendo, enquanto o tipo psicopata atua de acordo com sua crueldade e maldade. O psicopata tem juízo crítico de seus atos e é muito mais perigoso, devido à sua capacidade de fingir emoções e se apresentar extremamente sedutor, consegue sempre enganar suas vítimas. <br />O psicopata busca constantemente seu próprio prazer, é solitário, muito sociável e de aspecto encantador. Ele age como se tudo lhe fosse permitido, se excita com o risco e com o proibido. Quando mata, tem como objetivo final humilhar a vítima para reafirmar sua autoridade e realizar sua auto-estima. Para ele, o crime é secundário, e o que interessa, de fato, é o desejo de dominar, de sentir-se superior.<br />Evidentemente que o Assassino Serial não é uma pessoa normal, mesmo porque esse conceito é muito vago, passa pelo critério estatístico (estatisticamente não-normais) mas isso não significa obrigatoriamente que ele não tem consciência do que faz. A maioria dos Assassinos Seriais é diagnosticada como portadora de Transtorno de Personalidade Anti-social (sinônimo de Dissocial, Psicopata, Sociopata). Embora esses assassinos possam não ter pleno domínio no controle dos impulsos, eles distinguem muito bem o certo do errado, tanto que querem sempre satisfazer seus desejos sem correr riscos de serem apanhados. Veja também Personalidade Criminosa, Personalidade Psicopática e Transtornos Sociopáticos. <br />Quanto à sua forma de atuar, os Assassinos em Série se dividem em organizados e desorganizados. Organizados são aqueles mais astutos e que preparam os crimes minuciosamente, sem deixar pistas que os identifiquem. Os desorganizados, mais impulsivos e menos calculistas, atuam sem se preocupar com eventuais erros cometidos.<br />Uma vez capturados, os Assassinos em Série podem confessar seus crimes, às vezes atribuindo-se a característica de serem mais vítimas que aquelas que, na realidade, assassinaram, de terem personalidades múltiplas, estarem possuídos, etc. De modo geral, todos eles experimentam um terrível afã de celebridade.<br />Como no resto do mundo, a maioria dos Assassinos em Série no Brasil são homens, brancos, tem entre 20 e 30 anos, vieram de famílias desestruturadas, sofreram maus-tratos ou foram molestados quando crianças. <br />As mulheres assassinas em série representam apenas 11% dos casos e, em geral, são muito menos violentas que os assassinos masculinos e raramente cometem um homicídio de caráter sexual. Quando matam, não costumam utilizar armas de fogo e raramente usam armas brancas, sendo a preferência os métodos mais discretos e sensíveis, como por exemplo o veneno. Elas costumam ser mais metódicas e cuidadosas que os homens.<br />Normalmente as mulheres assassinas planejam o crime meticulosamente e de uma maneira sutil, se apresentando como verdadeiros quebra-cabeças aos investigadores. Essa peculiaridade inteligente faz com que possa passar muito tempo antes que a polícia consiga identificar e localizar a assassina. <br />É comum identificarmos, na história do desenvolvimento da personalidade desses Assassinos Seriais, alguns fatos comuns. Segundo Ilana Casoy, escritora e estudiosa do assunto, "é raro um (assassino serial) que não tenha uma história de abuso ou negligência dos pais. Isso não significa que toda criança que tenha sofrido algum tipo de abuso seja um matador em potencial". De crianças, geralmente, os Assassinos em Série tiveram um relacionamento interpessoal problemático, tenso e difícil. Segundo a escritora, a chamada "terrível tríade" parece estar presente na infância de todo serial killer. São elas: enurese noturna (urinar na cama) em idade avançada, destruição de propriedade alheia e crueldade com animais e outras crianças menores.<br />veja em PsiqWeb: Assassinos Sexuais Seriais<br />Assassinos Sádicos <br />A palavra sadismo deriva de um personagem francês que viveu entre 1740 e 1814, o Marquês de Sade. Diz a história que Sade, uma vez, contratou os serviços de uma prostituta, a quem infligiu pequenos cortes na pele e introduziu neles cera quente pelo simples fato de obter prazer.<br />Sade justificou este ato dizendo que o homem era um ser egoísta por natureza, e só atuando egoisticamente poderia chegar a ser sincero, e o melhor que poderia fazer um homem sincero, era seguir um estilo de vida de libertinagem criminal.<br />Estas ofensas, digamos, morais, levaram Sade à prisão durante 13 anos, durante os quais o Marquês só pode levar a cabo as estripulias sexuais em sua imaginação. Durante esse tempo, se dedicou a escrever suas elucubrações em vários tratados, os quais chegaram a ser muito populares. Entre esses escritos os mais afamados foram "Os 120 dias de Sodoma", "Justine", "Historia de Juliette".<br />Os textos do marquês marcaram de tal maneira a literatura, que o nome de Sade serviu para derivar na expressão sádico, atribuída à pessoa que obtém um certo prazer erótico realizando atividades que ocasionam dor ou sofrimento a outros.<br />O objetivo do paciente sádico não é, necessariamente, obtenção do prazer pela agonia do outro. O desejo de infligir dor não é a essência do sadismo, mas o impulso de exercer domínio absoluto sobre o outro, convertê-lo num objeto impotente da vontade do sádico. Por essa razão, o objetivo mais importante é conseguir que sofra, posto que não há maior poder sobre outra pessoa que o de infligir-lhe dor."<br />Há quem chame esses criminosos como Assassinos Sexuais Seriais, outros preferem a denominação de Parafilia Sádica Recorrente.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vl2Uo51Z9aM/Thmc-gqcPqI/AAAAAAAAAi0/LCt2W8Lv7uA/s1600/criminologia2.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vl2Uo51Z9aM/Thmc-gqcPqI/AAAAAAAAAi0/LCt2W8Lv7uA/s320/criminologia2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627701807109914274" /></a><br /><br /><br />Assassinos Sexuais Seriais<br />Delito Sexual e Parafilia (Parafilia Sádica Recorrente)<br />Para referir:SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-76120364551223962652011-06-21T22:14:00.000-07:002011-06-21T22:17:38.351-07:00SERIAL KILLEREste texto, o escriba Valdemir Mota de Menezes copiou da Folha Online e aprendeu um pouco mais sobre este tipo de personalidade doentia que acomete alguns humanos que tem prazer em matar os seus semelhantes. Mas, sou contra a internação dos serial killer, eles devem ser condenados a morte. Menos gastos para o Estado e menos sofrimento para o próprio infeliz que possui esta mente doentia.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />9/03/2004 - 15h28 <br />Saiba o que é um serial killer <br /> <br />LÍVIA MARRA<br />MILENA BUOSI<br />da Folha Online<br /><br />Uma pessoa fria, egoísta, sem sentimentos de piedade e com habilidade para mentir. Vaidoso e que, em cada assassinato, quer deixar sua marca. Este é o perfil de um serial killer, segundo especialistas ouvidos pela Folha Online.<br /><br />Para o médico Guido Palomba, especialista em psiquiatria forense, o assassino em série com conotação sexual vive entre a normalidade e a anormalidade, o que ele chama de estado fronteiriço. "Temos o dia e a noite. No meio, temos a aurora. Com o serial killer ocorre a mesma coisa. De um lado ele tem a normalidade, vive no meio da sociedade, não tem alucinações nem delírios. Mas, por outro lado, tem uma frieza afetiva e ausência de valores éticos e morais", afirmou.<br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tsW2siba-Zw/TgF6iNWQcxI/AAAAAAAAAgQ/J8ysUWK8QXw/s1600/serial-killer-2.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 182px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tsW2siba-Zw/TgF6iNWQcxI/AAAAAAAAAgQ/J8ysUWK8QXw/s320/serial-killer-2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620908538052244242" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />O criminoso é enquadrado na psiquiatria como um sociopata. Por levar uma vida normal e, de repente, matar, ele tem dupla personalidade. O termo foi descrito pela primeira vez, segundo Palomba, em 1840, com base em um militar francês que, durante o dia, trabalhava e convivia pacificamente com sua família e, à noite, invadia cemitérios para violentar cadáveres.<br /><br />O serial killer tem consciência e sabe que está praticando um crime. No entanto, ele não tem sentimentos nem sente pena da vítima. "Ele quer se saciar do apetite mórbido. Ele é parcialmente capaz de entender o que ocorre [no momento do crime]. Mas o desejo e a falta de freio afetivo se sobrepõem", disse Palomba, que compara o ato do criminoso com o de uma pessoa extremamente ciumenta.<br /><br />"A pessoa que sente ciúmes tem um impulso que não consegue frear. Ela está dominada e não é livre. O mesmo ocorre com idéias homicidas do serial killer. Ele sente que precisa descarregar essa vontade."<br /><br />Começo<br /><br />Para o médico, que trabalhou mais de dez anos no manicômio de Franco da Rocha, os primeiros distúrbios geralmente ocorrem no início da adolescência. "Ele começa a maltratar animais, foge de casa, tem envolvimento com drogas, gosta de incendiar coisas", disse. No entanto, isso não significa que todas as crianças e adolescentes que "fazem maldades" se tornarão homicidas. O assassino em série também costuma ter problemas sexuais.<br /><br />O criminoso começa a agir por qualquer "motivo", como uma simples noite mal dormida. Isso costuma ocorrer na faixa larga dos 20 aos 35 anos. "Mas nada impede que seja antes ou depois", ressaltou Palomba.<br /><br />Para o médico Antonio de Pádua Serafim, do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Psiquiatria Forense e Psicologia Jurídica da USP, o comportamento criminoso pode ser determinado por fatores genéticos, neurológicos ou sociais. Traumas de infância podem colaborar, como epilepsia e alcoolismo na família.<br /><br />Cada serial killer tem a sua leitura do crime. Alguns gostam de enforcar, como é o caso do maníaco de Guarulhos, outros gostam de embebedar a vítima antes de violentá-la e matá-la, outros gostam de atrair para o mato, como fazia o maníaco do parque _um dos serial killers com conotação sexual mais famosos do país.<br /><br />"É uma analogia de vivência pessoal", afirmou Palomba. "No caso de Guarulhos, o maníaco pode estrangular as vítimas porque, no passado, deu uma gravata em um moleque, viu ele roxo e achou bonito. O serial killer, pode, por exemplo, matar somente morenas de cabelo encaracolado porque tomou um fora de uma ex-namorada com essas características."<br /><br />Apesar de ser possível identificar uma "causa", ela só poderá ser descoberta após análise individual do criminoso.<br /><br />O serial killer costuma cometer o crime sempre de forma semelhante para deixar sua marca e, às vezes, leva um "souvenir". Em Guarulhos, o maníaco costuma roubar um aparelho eletrônico.<br /><br />Segundo o médico Serafim, em raros os casos, o criminoso pode assassinar mais de uma pessoa no mesmo local, como "queima de arquivo".<br /><br />Reincidente<br /><br />O assassino em série só pára de matar se for preso ou morto. Caso seja considerado imputável e detido como um criminoso comum, após cumprir a pena, voltará a matar. Por isso, a maioria dos serial killers é considerado semi-imputável e precisa, conforme a psiquiatria, cumprir medidas de segurança em casas de tratamento, e não em presídios comuns.<br /><br />"Se ele é julgado como criminoso comum, pega, no máximo, 30 anos de prisão, conforme as leis brasileiras. Mas se é tido como semi-imputável, deve pegar uma medida de segurança, que tem momento para começar, mas não para terminar", disse Palomba, que lançará o livro <br />"Tratado de Psiquiatria Forense Civil e Penal", no próximo ano, pela Ateneu Editora.<br /><br />Para o médico, o serial killer pode parar de assassinar por um tempo, quando sente que a polícia está perto de descobri-lo e prendê-lo. Mas depois ele volta a cometer o crime. Geralmente aperfeiçoado.SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-81334161052939057082011-06-08T01:15:00.000-07:002011-06-08T01:19:15.731-07:00L'ÉCOLE DE CRIMINOLOGIE DU QUEBECL'escribe Valdemir Mota de Menezes fait étude sur ce sujet par cause que lui est policier dans Etat de San Paul, au Brésil.<br /><br /><br /> La criminologie a pour mission de développer les connaissances sur le crime et d'éclairer la réflexion sur la question criminelle. Elle offre aussi une formation aux étudiants qui souhaitent intervenir là où le problème du crime se pose : la probation, les prisons, les maisons de transition, les jeunes contrevenants, la police, la prévention de la délinquance, l'action auprès des victimes, etc.<br /><br />L'École de criminologie assume aussi la responsabilité d'un baccalauréat spécialisé en sécurité et études policières.<br /><br />L'École de criminologie a été fondée en 1960 par Denis Szabo. Seule institution universitaire québécoise à offrir un enseignement en criminologie, elle reçoit plus de 400 étudiants. <br /><br />La criminologie est l'étude pluridisciplinaire du phénomène criminel. Elle prend appui sur les sciences humaines (psychologie, sociologie, etc.) pour connaître le délit, le délinquant, la victime, la criminalité et la réaction sociale au crime.<br /><br /><br />http://www.crim.umontreal.ca/SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-56740872396819267882011-02-21T20:37:00.000-08:002011-02-21T20:40:18.865-08:00VIKINSVIKINS<br /><br />Although the two regions had this characteristic common general, there<br />large differences between trade North and South of Europe. In North<br />Europe both the North Sea and the Baltic had an important<br />great strategic setting in the revival of the trade<br />contact between the coastal towns. The network originated with commercial<br />the Vikings, with fast boats for the time, invaded continental Europe<br />to plunder and pirating, but if they stop with the looting and<br />sedentarising become merchants. Remember that the piracy<br />was also often practiced by the merchants themselves, if they had<br />the opportunity (SANTOS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY, COURSE OF HISTORY)SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-3556306617893821162011-02-21T20:36:00.002-08:002011-02-21T20:37:14.117-08:00SAQUEAR“a cavalaria dos magiares, sem as pesadas couraças<br />ocidentais e aproveitando as planícies da Europa<br />Central, de onde saiam, causava pânico, e antes de<br />qualquer contra-ataque se retirava rapidamente para<br />as suas bases.”<br /><br />JUNIOR, H.F. A Idade Média e o nascimento do Ocidente. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense,<br />1988, p.94.SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3343445442030722453.post-36489839510294751682011-02-21T20:36:00.001-08:002011-02-21T20:36:37.333-08:00SEQUESTRO“acima de tudo a guerra feudal não objetivava a morte<br />do adversário, apenas sua captura. Como uma das<br />obrigações vassálicas era pagar o resgate do senhor<br />aprisionado, e como na pirâmide hierárquica feudal<br />quase todo o nobre, além de ser vassalo de outros,<br />tinha seus próprios vassalos, capturar um inimigo na<br />guerra era obter um rendimento proporcional à importância<br />do prisioneiro” JUNIOR, H.F. A Idade Média e o nascimento do Ocidente. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense,<br />1988, p.94.SCRIBEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05626060006586669098noreply@blogger.com0